Question

1. List at least 5 differences between an adult airway and child’s airway.

2. What is the formula to calculate minute volume? Describe a scenario and explain the components of minute volume using the scenario.

3. List the five characteristics of normal breathing.

4. List at least six characteristics of labored breathing and explain what agonal respirations are.

5. Describe systemic circulation.

6. Describe pulmonary circulation.

7. List the structures that blood circulates through starting with the right atrium and continuing until the blood returns to the right atrium.

8. What’s are the differences between arteries, capillaries, and veins? How do these blood vessels interact with each other?

Write the formula for Cardiac Output. Explain the components and give an example

Answer 1

ANSWERS :

1.Differences between adult airway and child's airway:

	CHILD'S AIRWAY	ADULT AIRWAY
HEAD	Large prominent occiput resulting in sniffing position.	Flat occiput
TONGUE	Relatively larger	Relatively smaller
LARYNX	Cephaloid position,opposite C2 &C3 vertebra	Opposite C4 -C6
EPIGLOTTIS	"U"or omega shaped , long and soft	Flat , flexible
VOCAL CORDS	Short concave	Horizontal
SMALLEST DIAMETER	Cricoid ring below cords	Vocal cords
CARTILAGE	Soft ,less calcified	Firm ,calcified
LOWER AIRWAY	Smaller ,less developed	Large ,more cartilage

2.FORMULA TO CALCULATE MINUTE VOLUME :

• MINUTE VOLUME (V_E) : It is the total volume of gas entering or leaving the lung per minute.Normal minute volume 5-8 litres per minute.

MINUTE VOLUME(V_E)

= TIDAL VOLUME(TV)× RESPIRATORY RATE (f) at rest

3.SCENARIO :

• For example , a person with increased minute volume should have a low carbon dioxide levels in blood ,but healthy human will alter minute volume to maintain haemostasis.
• Minute volume generally decreases when at rest , and increases with exercise(as tidal volume and respiratory rate increases with exercise) For example while a person running over threadmill, minute volume increases by a factor of 2 to 4 depending on the level of exercise and during light activities the minute volume will be less.(approx 12 lit)
• Hyperventilation is the term for having a minute ventilation higher than physiological appropriate.   
• Hypoventilation describes minute volume less than physiologically appropriate.

TIDAL VOLUME : It is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when no extra effort is applied.It is approximately 500ml per inspiration.

RESPIRATORY RATE : It is the number of breaths you take per minute.Normal respiratory rate for adults at rest - 12 - 20 breaths per minute.

4.Charateristics of normal breathing :

Types of breath sounds :

• Vesicular sounds are heard over most of the lung fields.
• Bronchovesicular sounds are heard between first and second intercostal spaces on the anterior chest.
• Brochial sounds are heard over body of sternum.
• Tracheal sounds are heard over trachea.

Characteristics :

• Loud , high pitched bronchial breath sounds over the trachea.
• Medium pitched bronchovesicular sounds over mainstream bronchi , between the scapulae , and below the clavicles.
• Soft ,breezy , low pitched vesicular breath sounds over most of the peripheral lung fields.