Question

What are some complications due to immobility?

Answer 1

Immobility can be referred to a reduced physical activity due to ageing, morbidity or following major surgery. It usually imposes a major threat on physiological functioning. In older people, immobility may contribute to further disability. Although it cannot be prevented, many of its adverse effects can be. Small modifications or care can decrease the incidence and severity of complications and improve the patient’s well-being.

Complications :

Musculoskeletal system:

The musculoskeletal system is one of the most seriously affected systems from immobility. The inactivity causes a reduction in the muscle mass and tone of muscles and joints to begin to feel stiff from disuse. It will be a devastating effect on the elderly as it can cause muscle wasting and loss of function. Prolonged immobility causes muscle atrophy and contractures.

Respiratory system:

The respiration becomes shallow and the rate decreases. The cough reflux also diminishes and as a result secretions accumulate in the lungs which increase the vulnerability of respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia.

SKIN:

Skin integrity losses and immobility can lead to pressure sores due to prolonged pressure in a particular area of the body over a long period of time.

Gastrointestinal system:

Indigestion and reduced appetite are common. This may cause dehydration, malnutrition, and weight loss.

Loss of taste again reduces the appetite.

Constipation due to decreased peristalsis.

Genito -Urinary system:

Increased risk of urinary tract infections due to poor drainage of urine from the kidneys and pooling of urine in the bladder. The calcium drains causes kidney stones and osteoporosis. Urinary frequency or overflow incontinence may occur.

Circulatory system:

Increased pooling of blood, reduction in circulation, increased pressure on legs leading to blood clots. Increased risk of oedema and workload on the heart. Orthostatic hypotension chances.

Nervous system:

Immobility causes less nervous control of many functions like voluntary control and blood pressure, resulting in poor coordination and imbalance. Weakness and loss of independence immobility may cause depression, anxiety, restlessness, irritability, boredom, apathy, disorientation, passive-aggressive verbal and nonverbal communication, mood swings, listlessness, withdrawal, social isolation, regression, altered body image, and feelings of helplessness. The lack of stimulation and social isolation adds to the risk of delirium and disorientation.

Psychological problems:

Psychological problems such as social isolation , decreased self-esteem, and depression is commonly seen along with immobility.

Endocrine system:

Change in metabolism leads to increased fat stores and glucose intolerance.

Changes in hormone balance and disturbed sodium-water balance.