In: Nursing
hello, can you please answer this question. thank you
Choose 2 signs or symptoms that are characteristic of Hilda’s respiratory disease and link them to the pathophysiology of her condition (i.e., explain how the pathophysiological changes cause the signs and symptoms you specified).
below is given case study for this question. hope this help
Hilda Wilde is a 45-year-old woman who was diagnosed with asthma
as a child. She recalls her first asthma attack being horrendous;
chest tightness, difficulty breathing, wheezing, feeling anxious
and sweating profusely. She was rushed to hospital and spent many
days in hospital as a child until she managed to work out the
triggers and control it early. The triggers for her asthma were
cold temperatures, pollen, smoky environments and respiratory
infections/colds, which continue to be the triggers throughout her
adult life. She also developed hay fever and an allergy to
penicillin in her 20’s, which didn’t surprise her as her mum also
had these conditions.
One cold Spring day Hilda is outside gardening as she is finding
herself stressed by the current coronavirus and gardening usually
relaxes her. Hilda is making good progress on weeding when she
starts to experience those dreaded sensations she knows only too
well; tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and dizziness.
She starts to wheeze and cannot stop coughing. Her husband notices
Hilda is struggling and brings Hilda’s inhaler (Ventolin) for her.
Hilda’s wheezing and shortness of breath does not ease off, even
with her inhaler. She finds it hard to talk or get up and walk. Her
lips start to turn blue. Hilda’s husband calls an ambulance and
Hilda is taken to hospital where she is given corticosteroids. She
is told she has to stay in hospital a few days so that her
condition can be monitored. However, Hilda is worried about staying
in hospital due to the novel coronavirus outbreak. Her GP has
previously told her that if she contracts the virus, she is at a
greater risk of developing more serious symptoms such as pneumonia
or acute respiratory distress. The hospital staff have assured her
that they take all the necessary precautions. All coronavirus
affected patients are isolated in private rooms, and all healthcare
staff practice proper hand hygiene and appropriate use of
PPE.
A few days later, Hilda’s asthma is under control and she is
discharged from hospital. She is told to take her preventer
medicine every day, even when she is feeling well. She is also told
to follow routine practices and precautions to lessen her risk of
contracting coronavirus.
This case study deals with a 45 year old women ,Hilda ,who is knwon case of allergic asthma diagnosed since her child hood.. The triggers for her asthma were cold temperatures, pollen, smoky environments and respiratory infections/colds, which continue to be the triggers throughout her adult life. She also developed hay fever and an allergy to penicillin in her 20’s, which didn’t surprise her as her mum also had these conditions.
Recently she has faced an episode of acute exacerbation of astma while removing the weeds in the garden during a spring season. It may be due to exppsure to pollen.She starts to wheeze and cannot stop coughing. Hilda’s wheezing and shortness of breath does not ease off, even with her inhaler. She finds it hard to talk or get up and walk.she got hospitalized and and trated with corticosteroids. A few days later, Hilda’s asthma is under control and she is discharged from hospital. She is told to take her preventer medicine every day, even when she is feeling well.
bronchial asthma
Asthma is a common long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs.It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few times a day or a few times per week. Depending on the person, asthma symptoms may become worse at night or with exercise.
signs and symptoms and pathophysiology
. In asthma, the dominant physiological event leading to clinical symptoms is airway narrowing and a subsequent interference with airflow. In acute exacerbations of asthma, bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) occurs quickly to narrow the airways in response to exposure to a variety of stimuli including allergens or irritants. Allergen-induced acute bronchoconstriction results from an IgE-dependent release of mediators from mast cells that includes histamine, tryptase, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins that directly contract airway smooth muscle.The stimuli (including exercise, cold air, and irritants) can cause acute airflow obstruction. The mechanisms regulating the airway response to these factors are less well defined, but the intensity of the response appears related to underlying airway inflammation. Stress may also play a role in precipitating asthma exacerbations. The mechanisms involved have yet to be established and may include enhanced generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Inflammation has a central role in the pathophysiology of asthma. As noted in the definition of asthma, airway inflammation involves an interaction of many cell types and multiple mediators with the airways that eventually results in the characteristic pathophysiological features of the disease: bronchial inflammation and airflow limitation that result in recurrent episodes of cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath. The processes by which these interactive events occur and lead to clinical asthma are still under investigation. Moreover, although distinct phenotypes of asthma exist (e.g., intermittent, persistent, exercise-associated, aspirin-sensitive, or severe asthma), airway inflammation remains a consistent pattern. The pattern of airway inflammation in asthma, however, does not necessarily vary depending upon disease severity, persistence, and duration of disease. The cellular profile and the response of the structural cells in asthma are quite consisten