Question

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for an infant (0-1)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for an infant (0-1)

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for a child (2-12)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for a child (2-12)

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for an adolescent (13-18)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for an adolescent (13-18)

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for a young adult (19-39)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for a young adult (19-39)

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for an adult (40-64)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for an adult (40-64)

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for a mature adult (65+)

Clinical Manifestations of Interstitial cystitis (IC) for a mature adult (65+)

Answer 1

Answers:

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), or the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter, is an anatomic and functional disorder that can result in substantial morbidity, both from acute infection and from the sequelae of reflux nephropathy.

Clinical Manifestations of Vesicoureteral Reflux for an infant (0-1) includes:

Most children with VUR present in two distinct groups: those with hydronephrosis and those with clinical urinary tract infection (UTI).

In many cases, infants with vesicoureteral reflux may not display any symptoms. They may have only non-specific signs & symptoms. Many infants with UTI may be described as "well appearing". Signs and symptoms in infants with a UTI may a include:

• An unexplained fever
• Diarrhea
• Lack of appetite
• Irritability
• conjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Clinical manifestations of vesicoureteral reflux for a child ( 2-12) in addition to these previous symptoms:

• Bed-wetting
• Constipation or loss of control over bowel movements
• High blood pressure
• Protein in urine, dysuria, incontinence
• Kidney failure
• abdominal pain

Interstitial cystitis (IC), also known as bladder pain syndrome (BPS) associated and pelvic pain and chronic inflammation of the bladder. Because interstitial cystitis is a poorly defined entity of unknown etiology, the clinical presentation is often not uniform and the symptoms vary in severity and nature. The mean age for onset of the disease is considered to be around 40 years of age.

Clinical manifestations in infants:

There is limited information documented on prevalence of interstitial cystitis in infants & children. It is not well characterised in infants. Patients with IC should have an urgency/frequency syndrome or pain in the bladder or pelvic area without any other obvious cause for their symptoms. These two symptoms are actually NIDDK inclusion criteria for IC and infants might be suspected to suffer from IC if that is the case.

Clinical manifestations in children:

The classic triad of IC is urinary frequency, bladder & pelvic pain, especially with bladder filling, and relief of pain with voiding. A Study indicates that most of the children presented with either frequency or pain & crossed over or expanded into other symptoms. The actual age of onset in children is unknown since there are so few cases published, but children as young as 2, 3, and 4 years of age have been reported. Children may also have other chronic conditions such as fibromyalgia, vulvodynia (in girls), allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal problems. Besides, most patients will easily void in excess of eight times a day, In addition, negative urine culture is observed for IC patients.