(12) Ecology is a field that involves connections among individuals, populations, species, and communities. Using succession as a framework, explain how (A) physiological performance optima, (B) the intrinsic rate of population increase, and (C) species interactions each can contribute to the progression of species from early to late succession.

What's the difference between primary and secondary succession?

a) Primary succession involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where is no soil. Secondary succession occurs where a series of communities with different species develop in places containing soil.

b) There is no difference between the two.

c) Primary and secondary succession are two sides of the same coin since both describe ecological succession; so, they are basically the same.

d) Primary succession occurs where a series of communities with different species develop in places containing soil. Secondary succession involves the gradual establishment of biotic communities in lifeless areas where is no soil.

Give an example of a disaster that leads to primary succession and list and explain each of the steps in the succeeding phases of that succession. How does primary succession differ from secondary succession? What type of succession do we see most commonly associated with clear-cutting of forests?

Can azeotrope be described or predicted by Raoult’s model? If not, why?

A mixer is used to mix 3 different streams. Stream A is an acid solution containing HNO3 = 2% weight, H2SO4 = 57% weight. Stream B contains nitric acid solution with composition of 90% weight HNO3. Stream C is a concentrated sulfuric acid solution containing 93% weight H2SO4. The mixture of those 3 streams flown out from the mixer with a flowrate of 1000 kg/hour and composition of: HNO3 = 27% weight, H2SO4 = 60% weight. a) Draw a block diagram for the process, completed with all the known variables. b) Flowrate of stream A (kg/hour) into the mixer c) Flowrate of stream B (kg/hour) into the mixer d) Flowrate of stream C (kg/hour) into the mixer e) Composition of the mixture in %moles coming out from the mixer

A well-mixed fermenter contains cells initially at concentration x0. A sterile feed enters the fermenter with volumetric flow rate F; fermentation broth leaves at the same rate. The concentration of substrate in the feed is si. The equation for the rate of cell growth is: rx = k1 x and the equation for the rate of substrate consumption is: rs = k2 x where k1 and k2 are rate constants with dimensions T-1 , rx and rs have dimensions M L -3T -1 , and x is the concentration of cells in the fermenter.

a) Derive a differential equation for the unsteady-state mass balance of cells.

b) From this equation, what must be the relationship between F, k1, and the volume of liquid in the fermenter V at steady state?

c) Solve the differential equation to obtain an expression for cell concentration in the fermenter as a function of time.

d) Use the following data to calculate how long it takes for the cell concentration in the fermenter to reach 4.0 g l-1 : F = 2200 l h-1 V = 10,000 l x0 = 0.5 g l-1 k1 = 0.33 h-1

e) Set up a differential equation for the mass balance of substrate. Substitute the result for x from (c) to obtain a differential equation in which the only variables are substrate concentration and time. (Do you think you would be able to solve this equation algebraically?)

f) At steady state, what must be the relationship between s and x?

Do some research on a specific application of chemical atalysts that you find particularly interesting. Present a summary in your own words to the class (150 or more words), making sure your posting contains the following:

How did you learn about this application?

Why did you choose it?

What did you learn from your research?

Calculation, Chrimatrographic, and Spectral Applications Experiment:

1. Based on the listed atom economy, experimental atom economy, and “E” product given, what do these values indicate about the efficiency of a dehydration reaction? (Use correct units).

-The atom economy for the reaction was 82.37%.

- The experimental atom economy was 82.40%.

- The “E” product was 70.00

Determine the fundamental dimensions of the following quantities.

a. Fuel comsumption with units of kg/Wh

b. Latent heat with units of J/kg

c. Specific weight with units of N/m³

d. Molar heat capacity with units of J/molK

e. Rate of drying with units of kg/m²h

f. Thermal resistance with units of Km²/W

A= Ampere = Unit of current

J = Joule = Unit of energy

K = Kelvin = Unit of temperature

N = Newton = Unit of force

V = Volt = Unit of voltage

W = Watt = Unit of power

Describe the Blackbody radiation experiment; what did this experiment involve? What problem was encountered (what did classical physics predict versus what was observed)? What was learned or reinterpreted as a result of explaining the experimental results?

Be concise, each part should not take more than 3-4 sentences.

Which of the following have standard enthalpies of formation values that are not zero: Ar(g), Br₂(l), H(g), W(s), Hg(s), Li₂(g)?  Explain.

When ammonia is formed according to the following equation:

®2 NH₃(g)

the standard enthalpy of reaction (as written) is -92.6 kJ/mol. If 25.4 kg of ammonia (NH₃) is formed under standard conditions, what is the enthalpy change?  Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain.

Alcoholic fermentation is the process by which carbohydrates decompose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The reaction is multi-step and complex, but the overall reaction is

®2 C₂H₅OH(l) + 2 CO₂(g)

Given that the standard enthalpies of formation are C₆H₁₂O₆(s) = -1274.5 kJ/mol, C₂H₅OH(l) = -277.0 kJ/mol, and CO₂(g) = -393.5 kJ/mol, calculate the standard enthalpy for the fermentation reaction.

Ethane is chlorinated in a continuous reactor: C2H6 + Cl2 --> C2H5Cl + HCl (Rxn 1) Some of the product monochloroethane is further chlorinated in an undesired side reaction: C2H5Cl + Cl2 --> C2H4Cl2 + HCl (Rxn 2) The reactor is designed to yield a 15% conversion of ethane and a selectivity of 15 mol C2H5Cl/mol C2H4Cl2, with a negligible amount of chlorine in the product gas. Calculate the fractional yield of monochloroethane. Use a basis of 100 mol C2H5Cl produced. Report your answer with three significant figures. Note: Reactor feed is ethane and chlorine. Identify the limiting reactant to answer the question.

Q1- Make a table showing all the similarities and differences for the following type of corrosion.
1- Galvanic or two metal corrosion.
2- Crevice corrosion.
3- Pitting.
4- Intergranular corrosion.​​

You want to supply microorganism in a bioreactor with oxygen; What needs to be considered in terms of mass transfer? What are the challenges what the solutions?