Question

5. Define species (biological)

6. Understand steps and differentiate between the end products of mitosis and meiosis

7. Be familiar with the process of cell replication

8. Understand the meanings and differences between homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, dominant, co-dominant, Mendelian traits, polygenic traits

9. Primate characteristics are associated with adaptation to what kind of environment?

10. Why is grooming important to nonhuman primates?

11. Be familiar with a primates relationship with their infants (basic primate social unit)

12. Understand the differences between Old and New World monkeys in relation to having or not having a prehensile tail

13. Why do we study nonhuman primates?

14. Examples of primates, hominids, hominoids, prosimians, anthropoids, monkeys, and apes

15. Understand the differences between ancestral (primitive) and modified (derived) traits

16. Know examples and differences between the two types of dating methods used

17. Identify deliberate vs. autonomic communication of nonhuman primates

18. What are affiliative nonhuman primate behaviors?

19. What are the different Primate locomotion modes? ( be able to give corresponding examples & corresponding bone proportions)

20. What are the steps of the scientific method?

Answer 1

5. A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring. The species is the principal natural taxonomic unit, ranking below a genus and denoted by a Latin binomial, e.g. Homo sapiens (humans) , Mangifera indica, Solanum tuberosum (potato) and Panthera leo (lion). Here, the term Sapiens, indica, tuberosum and leo are examples of various species.

6. Nuclear divison occurs in the M phase of the cell cycle followed by cell divison.

Mitosis is a form of eukaryotic cell division that produces two daughter cells with the same genetic component as the parent cell.

Steps in mitosis :four stages

Prophase - longest phase; Nucleolus disintegrates, centromeres duplicate and move opposite poles, Chromosome condense and form chromatids, attached to Centromeres.

metaphase - spindle fobres attached to kinetechores; Chromosomes align in midline forming metaphasic plate.

Anaphase -shortest phase; Centromeres divide and chtomatids move oppsite poles; known as daughter chromosomes

Telophase : chromosomes gather at one pole; nuclear membrane reforms.

Steps in meiosis : meiosis I and meiosis II

Meiosis I -- Meiosis I a special cell division reduces the cell from diploid to haploid.

porphase I - 5stages; chromosomes condenses (leptotene) ; synapsis followed by bivalent or tetrad formation (zygotene) ; crossing over of homologous chromosomes to form chiasmata ( pachytene) ; separation (diplotene) ; chiasmata move oppsite ends (diakenesis)

Metaphase I - spindle fibre attached ; chromosomes line in centre

Anaphase I - chromosomes move opposite ends

Telophase I - nuclear membrane formation

Meiosis II -- immediately followed by cytokinesis; meiosis II is similar to mitosis

Prophase II - Nuclear membrane disappear: condensed chromosomes

Metaphase II - chromosomes align at equator; spindle attached to kinetochores

Anaphase II - split and move to opposite poles

Telophase- condense on sides; nuclear membrane reform : tertrad / four haplood cells formed.

Difference between the end products of mitosis and meiosis -

* In mitosis, cell divides once (telophase) and in meiosis cell divide twice (telophase I and telophase II)

* In mitosis, two daughter cells, each diploid (contain same amount of chromosomes) are produced

In meiosis, four daughter cells, each haploid ( contain half of chromosomes of original) are produced

* In mitosis, no recombination or crossing over occurs and in meiosis, random segregation or recombinatiom occurs.

* no tetrad formation occur in mitosis and in meiosis tetrad is formed

* daughter cells are genetically similar in mitosis and genetically disimillar in meiosis

* in mitosis, sister chromatid move to opposite pole in anaphase

In meiosis anaphase I, sister chromatid move at same pole

7.Replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.This replication in eukaryokitc organism is carried out mainly by DNA polymerase I enzyme. It has four basic steps - replication fork formation, primer binding, elongation and termination.

Replication fork formation - seperation of hygrogen bonding within base pairs by dna helicase enzyme leading to unwinding of dna strands and forming y shaped replication fork.

Primer binding - primer bind at 3' of leading strand, it is place where replication begins. It occurs in direction of 3' to 5'.

Elongation - this strand keep replicating continuously on leading strand. This replication occurs in fragmented way known as okazaki fragments on lagging strand.

Termination - it is the ending of replication. The enzyme exonuclease remove all primer from original strand and ligase binds the end fragments altogether.

8. homozygous - It means any particular gene that has identical alleles on both homologous chromosomes. For example, if a trait is denotes by X, so XX or xx are both example of homozygous condition.

heterozygous - it means in any particular genes there are two different allele on homologous chromosomes. For example; If the trait is expressed genotypically by X allele, so Xx is an heterozygous condition

recessive - form of a gene that gets masked under dominant and is unable to express itself phenotypically untill in homozygous condition. For example, say any trait like purple color and white of flower where purple is dominant and white is recessive. Purple is denoted by allele P and white is denoted by p. White flower will be expressed only when the genotype is "pp".

Dominant - it is that form of gene that expresses itself in any genotypic form whether in homozygous or heterozygous condition. For example, take above example, of purple or white flower. Since, purple flower is dominant trait, it can be expressed when we have genotype Pp (heterozygous) or PP (homozygous).

co-dominant - it is a form of gene where both the forms of allele expresses themselves insists one getting masked by the other. For example., human blood grouping system, ABO blood grouping. Here allele A and allele B, both express themselves forming AB blood group.

mendelian trait- These are the characteristics or traits that are transfered from parents to offspring and obeys mendelian rule of existing of only two forms ie, one dominant and other recessive. For example, presence of freckles, blood type, hair color, and skin tone, flower color etc

Polygenic trait - These are the characteristics that have many possible phenotypes (physical appearance) that are determined by interactions among several alleles. Examples include traits such as skin color, eye color, hair color, body shape, height, and weight.