In: Biology
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivities (allergic responses)? Give an example of each. Types 1, 2, and 3 are similar in what way?
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated immune response of the body towards foreign antigens that can even lead to fatal anaphylaxis.
The 4 types of hypersensitivity are:-
1. Type1 hypersensitivity- Antigens referred to as allergens induce cross-linking of IgE bound to mast cells and basophils with release of vasoactive mediators.
Example-Hay fever, asthma, hives.
2. Type 2 hypersensitivity- This is IgG mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Antibody directed against cell surface antigens mediates cell destruction via complement activation.
Example-Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
3. Type 3 hypersensitivity- Antigen antibody complexes deposited in various tissues induce complement activation further inflammation mediated by neutrophil infiltration.
Example-Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematous.
4. Type 4 hypersensitivity- This is also known as Cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Sensitized delayed T cells release cytokines that activate macrophages or Tc cells which mediate direct or cellular damage.
Example-Contact dermatitis and graft rejection.
Type 1,2 and 3 hypersensitivities are antibody mediated however type 4 is mediated by T cell lymphocytes.