Question

Basic chemical structures of the organisms Concept map

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Answer 1

Biochemistry deals with the understanding of reactions and mechanism that takes place in an organism. The major substituents found in living beings are

1.protein

2.carbohydrates

3.lipids and

4.nucleic acid

1.proteins

• active polymers formed from amino acids linked by amide Bond.
• It contains Amine group ,carboxylic acid group and alkyl or aryl groups.
• Some proteins called enzymes catalyse certain biological reaction

2.carbohydrates

• most abundant in in in living beings
• general formula C_n(H2O)_m
• classified as monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharides
• examples: starch cellulose glucose etc.

3. lipids

• form the family of compounds that include fatty acids,waxes ,vtamins etc.
• Have long chain hydrocarbon that ends with carboxylic acid group
• Classified as saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
• Unsaturated fatty acids are used in the synthesis of prostaglandins
• Waxes are esters produced by the nucleophilic attack of an alcohol on the carbonyl carbon of a long-chain carboxylic acid
• Steroids are lipids whose structure is composed of three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring fused together.
• Cholesterol is the starting point for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, including testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and progesterone, which helps maintain pregnancy.

Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids are the basic structural components of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), the biochemical substances found in the nuclei of all cells that transmit the information needed to direct cellular growth and reproduction.
• Their structures are derived from cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds called pyrimidines and purines, which can engage in hydrogen bonding through the lone electron pair on nitrogen (in pyrimidine and purine) or through the hydrogen of the amine (in purine):