Question

research about schistosomiasis common in Oman and its emergence( with evidence that it is one of the common microbial infection in Oman e.g. % of cases )
The research report will include the following information about schistosomiasis:
a.MOT( mode of transmission)
b.CA (causative agent)
c.signs and symptoms of infection
d.laboratory test
e.treatment or antimicrobial therapy
f. appropriate measures to prevent or control the infection.

Answer 1

INTRODUCTION

Schistosomiasis ,also called bilharzia or bilharziasis,snail fever,or karate fever.E

Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worm of the schistosoma type.

CAUSATIVE AGENT

Species of schistosoma-

S.japonicum-: causes Asian intestinal schistosomiasis.

S.mansoni -:causes intestinal schistosomiasis that lodges in the blood vessels.

S.haematobium-:causes urinary schistosomiasis.

S.intercalatum and S.mekongi.

HOST:-SNAIL

INCUBATION PERIOD:-4-6WEEKS

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

• Eggs hatch releasing miracidia(larvae/larval stage)
• Miracidia penetrate snail tissues-Oncomelania hupensis(freshwater snails)
• Cercariae released by snail into water ang free-swimming which penetrates the skin especially in cuts or wounds.
• Cercariae lose tails during penetration and becomes schistosomulae
• After circulation,the schistosomulae migrate to portal blood in liver and mature into adults.

Paired adult worm migrate to:

-mesenteric vehicles at rectum by S.japonicum  

S.mansoni present in Venous plexus of bladder and release in urine by S.haematobium.

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

HEAVY INFESTATION -fever,chills,lymph node enlargement and liver and spleen enlargement.

INITIAL INVASION- Skin invasion may cause itching and rash.

INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS-abdominal pain and diarrhea (may be bloody)

URINARY SYMPTOMS- frequent urination,painful urination and blood in urine.

LAB TESTS

KATO-Katz-stool test for searching parasite.

Urine filtration method-for presence of S.hematobium.

BLOOD TEST

RECTAL MUCOSAL BIOPSY.

TREATMENT:

1-PRANZIQUANTEL 40-60mg/kg orally im two divided doses for 1 day.

2-STEROIDS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater especially those with open wound or cuts.

Drink safe water

Always boil or filter water even for bathing.

community treatment and targeted treatment. of school-age.

Proper sanitation could reduce or eliminate transmission of this disease.