Question

Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that occurs when the body's immune system
attacks its own tissues and organs. Inflammation caused by Lupus can affect many
different body systems | including joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart, and
lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose.
(a) One issue with diagnosing Lupus is that the intensity of the inflammation
is determined as much by the triggering factors as by the patient itself. Which
challenge in object recognition would map to this problem?
A. segmentation B. lightening C. deformation D. aordances E. viewpoint
(b) Another issue with diagnosing Lupus is that its symptoms can be shown in
many parts of body. How do you compare this problem with the challenges

(c) It is known that Convolution Networks work for 2D data. Describe how you
generate 2D data for the Lupus diagnose problem.
Hint: data closer together are more closely related than data far away.

Answer 1

Ans) a) Chronic inflammation: Slowing down immune system when in overdrive. Summary: Many people suffer from chronic inflammation because their immune systems overreact to 'self' tissue. Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is one of a group of chemical messengers known as 'cytokines', which affect the behavior of immune cells.

b) Lupus is a chronic disease. It affects each person differently. The effects of the illness range from mild to severe. Symptoms of lupus may come and go. These are sometimes known as flare-ups, periods of remission, and relapse. Lupus has no cure, but medicines can help symptoms. And you can help manage lupus by living a healthy lifestyle and working with your healthcare provider. In children, lupus often attacks the kidneys. This can lead to kidney damage and kidney failure. In some cases, lupus can be fat.

- Lupus symptoms can appear in many parts of the body. Symptoms can occur a bit differently in each person. They may come and go. Some of the common symptoms of lupus are:

Anemia

Butterfly-shaped rash on the nose and cheeks of the face (malar rash)

Fatigue

Fever

Hair loss

Loss of appetite

Pale, blue, or red fingers triggered by cold, stress, or illness (Raynaud's phenomenon)

Raised rash on the head, arms, chest, or back (discoid rash)

Rashes caused by sunlight

Sores in the mouth or nose

Swollen glands

Swollen or painful joints (arthritis)

Weight loss

The symptoms of lupus can look like other health problems. Make sure to see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

c) Network for volumetric segmentation that learns from sparsely annotated volumetric images. We outline two attractive use cases of this method: (1) In a semi-automated setup, the user annotates some slices in the volume to be segmented. The network learns from these sparse annotations and provides a dense 3D segmentation. (2) In a fully-automated setup, we assume that a representative, sparsely annotated training set exists. Trained on this data set, the network densely segments new volumetric images. The proposed network extends the previous u-net architecture from Ronneberger et al. by replacing all 2D operations with their 3D counterparts. The implementation performs on-the-fly elastic deformations for efficient data augmentation during training. It is trained end-to-end from scratch, i.e., no pre-trained network is required. We test the performance of the proposed method on a complex, highly variable 3D structure, the Xenopus kidney, and achieve good results for both use cases.