Question

Match the following questions with 1,2 or 3

insulin and glucagon ?

hormones can activate metabolism through?

How is glycolysis regulated?

1.phosphorylation, gene expression/protein degradation, enzyme localization

2.These hormines dictate whether glucose flows through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

3.Low Blood Glucose -----> increase glucagon: Phosphorylation of bifunctional enzyme: --inactive PFK2, active FBPase2 --decrease F-2,6-BP --decrease PFK1 activity ; Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase --decrease pyruvate kinase activity

Answer 1

Ans:

a) Insulin and glucagon----- 2. The hormones dictate whether glucose flows through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis

Insulin and glucagons are hormones of the pancreas. Glucagon by alpha cells or A cells and insulin produced by beta cells or B cells. Insulin promotes the utilization of glucose inside the cells. Hence show a profound effect on carbohydrate metabolisms like glycolysis, protein and lipid metabolisms. Glucagon antagonists of insulin. Increase the rate of gluconeogenesis. Stimulate breakdown of glycogen.

b) hormones can activate metabolism through-------- 1. phosphorylation, gene expression/protein degradation, enzyme localization

Hormones act as signaling molecules. Which bind to receptor sites on the cell membrane or nucleus membrane, pass the information through secondary messengers. Activate the intermediate molecules through phosphorylation, which activate the secondary messengers. These activate the gene expression followed by protein synthesis, maturation, and localization to the required location.

c) How is glycolysis regulated----------- 3. Low Blood Glucose -----> increase glucagon: Phosphorylation of bifunctional enzyme: --inactive PFK2, active FBPase2 --decrease F-2,6-BP --decrease PFK1 activity; Phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase --decrease pyruvate kinase activity.

At low blood glucose condition have to inhibit the glycolysis to maintain the blood glucose levels. For that inhibit the key enzymes involved in the glycolysis like PFK2, PFK1 (phospho fructo kinase), FBPase (Fructose bisphosphatase).