Question

explain how hormones like insulin/glucagon, calcitonin parathormone, thyroxine, gastric, CCK, aldosterone and ADH would affect these processes

Answer 1

1. Insulin / glucagon : Glucagon counterbalance the action of insulin. When level of glucose decrease in body, pancreas secretes glucagon. Secretion of pancreas stimulates liver to change the stored glycogen into  glucose.

2. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone PTH : Calcitonin plays and important role in calcium and phosphorus cycle. It counteracts PTH and vitamin D. Main function of calcitonin is to lower the blood calcium level which is done by decreasing the osteoclast activity . Now this low blood calcium level triggers the secretion of PTH , which increases the osteoclasts activity to increase the low serum calcium level.

3. Thyroxine : Thyroxine helps in increasing the basal metabolic rate. Increase in consumption of oxygen and ATP hydrolysis increases body heat production .

4. CCK cholecystokinin: I cells in the duodenum and small intestine secretes CCK. It stimulates contraction of gall bladder and release of pancreatic enzymes. CCK also inhibits gastric emptying and food intake through vagal afferent neurons.
5. Aldosterone: it affects the glucose metabolism by inducing insulin resistance. It is a steroid hormone. In renal collecting duct it stimulate reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ and H+.

6. ADH anti-diuretic hormone : it regulates the water balance in blood. Increase in water concentration increases the volume and pressure of blood.