Question

Part 1

a. Discuss the positioning, preparation, and assessment techniques/steps of the abdomen.

b. Define the characteristics of bowel sounds.

c. Discuss the percussion sounds heard on the abdomen.

d. Differentiate the assessment for rebound tenderness and costovertebral angle tenderness.

Answer 1

A.Assessment of abdomen:

I. Inspection: -The patient should positioned supine on a bed or table

2. Auscultation:patient should positioned Comfortably  on the table.

3. Palpation:examination Of the abdominal wall for checking the tenderness or any masses.Liver or kidneys May be normally palpable but any Other masses are abnormal.

4. Percussion:Starting from below the right breast in a line with middle of the clavicle, a point that is over the lungs.move the hand down a few Centimeters and repeat.continue down ward until the sound changes
once again

B.Bowel sounds:
Bowel Sounds are normal. If they are absent that indicate intestinal paralysis Cileus).
The bowel sounds are caused by the muscular
contractions of peristalsis.
The gurgling, rumbling or growling noises from the abdomen are Bowel sounds.

C.

4 types of percussion Sounds

• Resonant :Hollow/air.
• hyper-resonant
• stonydull
• dull:presence of solid mass inside.

D.

Rebound tenderness can be assessed by pushing or applying pressure to an area of the abdomen using hands.
Then quickly Can remove the hands and at that time Can ask patient that, Whether he/she feeling any pain in that area while abdomen going to its original position. If pain is there means patient have rebound tenderness.

C VA Can be tested by first applying a gentle pressure to the region inside of the CVA with their finger. If gentle pressure does not elicit any tenderness, then you can place one hand over that region and taps the hand gently with the closed fist of the Other hand.CVA is the region backside of the body 90 degree between 12th rib and spine.