Question

In: Civil Engineering

Define the following terms, in your own words, as they relate to GNSS positioning: a.Pseudorange, b....

Define the following terms, in your own words, as they relate to GNSS positioning: a.Pseudorange, b. Integer Ambiguity , c.Multipath

Expert Solution

Answer (a)

Pseudorange:

Pseudorange is the distance travelled by the signal from the satellite to the receiver.

Pseudorange is calculated by using the time and speed of the signal during its travel from the satellite to the receiver.
The speed of the signal can be assumed as the speed of the light in calculation.

GNSS positioning with respect to Pseudorange

The application of Pseudorange is in GNSS Pseudorange navigation.
The Pseudorange navigation requires data of Pseudorange distances from four satellites (generally).
Pseudorange measurement for a particular satellite is determined using the following variables: position of receiver and satellite, speed, errors with respect to satellite and receiver clock bias.
The error in this calculation will be due to the error in the internal clock of the receiver.
In GNSS Pseudorange navigation, the principle of triangulation is applied to determine the position of satellites.

Answer (b)

Integer Ambiguity

The integer cycle ambiguity is defined as the difference between the measurement of relative carrier phase and the actual Pseudorange at the particular instant.

Relative carrier phase is composed of integer counter (instantaneous value) and the fractional phase.
Integer Ambiguity is expressed as a whole number of carrier cycles.
It cannot be measured by means of direct methods because it is not possible to determine in a direct manner the number of whole cycles in the Pseudorange.
Integer Ambiguity is constant for a signal given that the receiver is able to keep track of that signal continuously.

GNSS positioning with respect to Integer Ambiguity

The integer ambiguity cannot be measured in a direct manner (research area).
The application of integer ambiguity in GNSS positioning is called Real Time Kinematic (RTK) navigation.
Using the integer ambiguity and applying it with the help of certain algorithms the GNSS positioning can be done which is referred to as RTK navigation.
Real Time Kinematic (RTK) navigation can be accurate up to 1 to 2 cm.

Answer (c)

Multipath

The effects by which the signals are received by the GNSS antennae from multiple indirect paths other than direct or line of sight path are known as the multipath effect.

The signals are not always received by the antennae of GNSS from a direct or line of sight path.
- This is due to the delay or difference in amplitude or phase with respect to the direct path.
  - This in turn happens due to the reflection or diffraction of signals.

Effect in GNSS positioning with respect to multipath

Multipath leads to inaccuracy in GNSS positioning.
It is difficult to remove Multipath since the environment of the receiver is responsible for this effect (diffraction, reflection etc).
It affects the code measurement as well as the phase measurement.
Pseuodorange multipath leads to inaccurate measurements of the following:
- GNSS positioning
- GNSS timing
- Ionosphere monitoring
- RTK surveying

Ally Wells answered 10 months ago

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