Question

High discount rates are considered problematic because …

Select one:

a. they render future environmental values insignificant

b. they result in an overestimation of future cost

c. they undervalue the interests of future generations

d. a and b

e. a and c

f. all of the above

Choice modelling is preferred over contingent valuation because:

Select one:

a. it potentially reduces the incentive for respondents to behave strategically.

b. it does not force respondents to consider trade-offs between attributes.

c. it makes the frame of reference explicit to respondents.

d. relative preference rankings are reliable and accurate.

e. a and c

f. b and d

g. all of above

Why is the use of cost benefit analysis increasingly supported and seen as a sound basis for political decision-making?

Select one:

a. growing environmental stakes

b. awareness of socio-ecological complexities

c. strong faith in social survey instruments

d. innate tendency by politicians to trust scientists

e. a and b

f. a, c and d

Flood attenuation services provided by mangroves are an indirect use value.

Select one:

a. True

b. False

Ecosystem commodification is …

Select one:

a. the "splitting" of an ecosystem or ecosystem service into legally-defined and tradable property rights to specific services or resources.

b. is a form of marketisation designed to counteract environmental degradation.

c. an approach to human affairs in which the "free market" is given priority and money-mediated relations are seen as the best way to deliver services.

d. all of the above.

Answer 1

Answer-1. Correct option is ' f '

High discount rates are considered problematic because :

1) they render future environmental values insignificant

2) they result in an overestimation of future cost

3) they undervalue the interests of future generations

A high discount rate means you'd be willing to pay less now for more later compared to someone who discounted the future less than you. The problem hits when that starts to impose costs on the high discount rate set who, given the majority, can simply revoke the standards.

Answer-2. Correct option is 'g'

Choice modelling is preferred over contingent valuation because:

1) it potentially reduces the incentive for respondents to behave strategically

2) it does not force respondents to consider trade-offs between attributes

3) it makes the frame of reference explicit to respondents

4) relative preference rankings are reliable and accurate.

Choice modelling attempts to model the decision process of an individual or segment via revealed preferences or stated preferences made in a particular context or contexts. All mentioned above these are the strength of choice modelling and these are the reason, thats why, choice modelling is preferred over contingent valuation.

Answer-3. Correct option is 'd'

Cost benefit analysis increasingly supported and seen as a sound basis for political decision-making because innate tendency by politicians to trust scientists.

Answer-4. True

''Flood attenuation services provided by mangroves are an indirect use value'', this statement is true. Indirect use values of mansgroves system is in the form of vital ecological function including control coastal erosion, natural purification of coastal water from pollution, protection of coastal land from strom.