4. Which chemical bond is involved in each of the following? Explain your answer. Justify
each answer with a reason.                                                                                                            []
a. Copper
b. Salt (Nacl).
c. Plastic cup.

* Please answer in clear and readable writing or by typing. The solution is with all the right steps.

The stratigraphy in a site from top to bottom are (1) 4.5 m thick sand; (2) 4.5 m thick clay; (3) impermeable shale. The water table is at a depth of 2 m below ground. The sand above the water table has a void ratio of 0.52 and a saturation degree of 37%. The clay has a moisture content of 42%. The specific gravity of both the sand and clay is 2.65. If constructing a foundation whose bottom is at a depth of 3m, resulting in the extra stress at the top and the bottom of the clay layer is 100 kPa and 40 kPa, respectively. According to the consolidation test, the void ratio of the clay corresponding to 50, 100 and 200 kPa are 1.02, 0.922 and 0.828, respectively. The settlement of the clay layer will be_____________(mm). (One-dimensional settlement is applicable. The density of water is 1000 kg/m³)

1. You suspect that a railroad embankment is unstable and exhibiting a slip failure. To confirm this and to monitor the conditions, what instrumentation and testing do you consider using and why? What soil exploration would you consider?

i need a research about the main usage of reinforced concrete structure including it's applications and primary advantages and disadvantages additionally , discuss the main types of each structural elements such slaps, beams , columns and foots

#1 Parts

a). Identify and explain at least three factors that contribute to sprawl.
b). Identify and explain at least three strategies that are intended to counteract sprawl.
c). Identify and explain at least three different BMPs for low-impact development.

A rectangular cross section beam (A) made of steel constructed in an industrial building
between two columns which are “X” m apart. The beam is acting as a support for one end of a pair of crane wheel (B). The distance b/w wheels are “Y” m. The crane is used to lift max. of Z tonnes of load which is having hook at the centre of crane. Draw shear force and B.M of all types of beam
diagram of the beam.
Case i) If the crane wheels are positioned at equal distances from centre of the beam.
Case ii) If one of the crane wheels is exactly at the centre.
Case iii) If one of the crane wheels comes exactly over a column.
Also find the max. bending stresses in the beam for the first case considering the depth (d) as twice the width of the beam.
X =6m,Y =1m ,Z=15 tonnes, Depth (d)=500mm

Please provide step be step solution

At a depth of 7km in the ocean,the pressure is 71.6Mpa assume a specific weight at the surface 10.03kn/m3 and average bulk modulus of elasticity of 2.34Gpa for that pressure range find (a) the change in specific volume between the surface and 7km (b) specific volume at 7km (c) the specific weight at 7km

A groundwater contains the following constituents to be treated by the lime-soda process to the minimum hardness possible has the following characteristics:

CO2 = 62.0 mg/L HCO3- = 250.0 mg/L as CaCO3

Ca2+ = 80.00 mg/L Cl- = 35 mg/L

Mg2+ = 36.6 mg/L SO42- = 96.0 mg/L

Na+ = 23.0 mg/L

The facility is to treat 50 x 106 L/day of water from this source using lime-soda ash to reduce the hardness.

a) Determine the total hardness, carbonate hardness, and non-carbonate hardness in mg/L as CaCO3.

b) Determine the lime and soda-ash dosages for softening (units of kg/day). Assume that the lime is 90 percent CaO by weight and the soda ash is pure sodium carbonate.

Explain why ‘Discovery’ is not carried out in criminal court cases.

Explain the differences between Hot Extrusion, Hot Forging, and Swaging in detail. Define the spring-back and mention how spring-back effects can be taken into consideration in bending process?

What does the word "slew" mean with regard to tower cranes? what are two different ways a tower crane can slew?

List dynamic factors that affect crane capacity.

(6 pts) List the seven rules for pumping concrete. What are the three rolling steps when paving asphalt? What is TMPH? What is the possible consequence for not considering TMPH?

Why are cycle times typically larger for a hoe than a shovel?

(4 pts) Define the term of “windrow” in grader operations. How can you minimize spillage from the blade?

(3 pts) In what soils is a vibratory pile driver/hammer effective?

(7 pts) List major factors that should be considered when laying out a construction site.

List 4 functions that required to process and produce suitable aggregate materials

The Wilson Wastewater Treatment Plant currently provides primary treatment for a flow rate of 2500 m³/day. The effluent from the primary tank has a soluble BOD₅= 240 mg/L. You need to design an activated sludge treatment to update the plant. The secondary effluent standards to meet are 25.0 mg/L BOD₅ total (suspended and soluble BOD) and 30 mg/L suspended solids. Use the following assumptions:

• Target soluble BOD₅ in the effluent of the secondary treatment is 2.5 mg/L.
• Growth constants can be estimated as K_s=145 mg/L BOD₅; k_d=0.025 d^-1; m_m=8 d^-1; Y=0.8 mg VSS/mg BOD₅ removed.
• The designed MLVSS is 3,000 mg/L.
• The settler is designed to achieve 12,000 mg SS/L in the settled sludge.
• The MLVSS fraction of MLSS is expected to be 0.7

1. (4 pts) Estimate the sludge age (q_c) to achieve the target effluent criteri
2. (6 pts) Estimate the hydraulic retention time and volume of the aeration tank (in m³).
3. (4 pts) Compute the F/M ratio.
4. (4 pts) Estimate the observed yield in the system (mg VSS/mg BOD₅ removed)
5. (4 pts) Calculate the net waste activated sludge produced (kg VSS/day).
6. (4 pts) Calculate the cell solids (VSS) in the effluent in mg/L based on the designed suspended solids target for the effluent.
7. (4 pts) Calculate the cell solids (VSS) in the settled sludge in mg/L based on the designed SS concentration in the secondary settler.
8. (4 pts) Determine the sludge waste flow rate (m³/day) using sludge age. Do not ignore biomass in the effluent.
9. (4 pts) Determine the sludge return flow rate (m³/day). Do not ignore biomass in the effluent.