Panama Canal, which took 10 years to build and opened in 1914, handles 5% of world trade.
The government of Panama recently initiated a project to expand the canal in order to
increase its share of global shipment, boost job creation, stimulate economic growth and
boost foreign exchange and tax revenue. Among other things, the expansion project involves
the building of a third set of locks that can accommodate mega cargo ships carrying up to
12,000 containers; at the moment the biggest ships that can navigate the canal carry 5,000
containers. The work was awarded to GUPC (Grupo Unidos por el Canal), a consortium of
international construction firms led by Sacyr of Spain. Others are Impregilo of Italy, Belgian
firm Jan De Nul and Constructora Urbana, a Panamanian firm. Work began in 2009 and was
expected to be completed in September 2014 at a total cost of $3.2 billion, according to the
contract.
As of January 2014, the work was already nine months behind schedule (with project
completion now expected in June 2015) and a cost overrun of $1.6 billion had been incurred
as of January 2013. According to GUPC, the cost overrun and schedule slippage were due to
“many and varied unforeseen costs which came up during these gigantic works... They are
technical matters, questions over cement ingredients, geotechnical matters, geological
questions, taxes matters, financial matters, labour issues and weather conditions". However,
Panama Canal Authority (APC), the Panamanian state-owned company responsible for
managing the canal and overseeing the project, attributed the problem partly to a delay of
four months shortly after the project began as a result of GUPC’s attempt to use low-quality
cement, which was rejected by the canal authority.
Since January 2013, there had been an escalating dispute over who should bear the additional
cost of $1.6 billion. The position of APC was that GUPC should respect the existing contract
by absorbing the additional cost, arguing that the cost overrun was due to events that were
"normal" in such a construction project. But GUPC said the cost overrun was due to
"unforeseeable" circumstances and delays caused by APC. On December 30, 2013, the
dispute had become so bad that GUPC threatened to halt work unless the Panamanian
government paid the money within 21 days. In response, the president of Panama, President
Ricardo Martinelli, threatened to go to Europe to demand that the governments of the
member firms of GUPC “take moral responsibility for what happened, because it is not
possible that a company puts such a huge extra charge on expansion work."
News of the suspension threat sent Sacyr’s shares plunging by more than 18% on the Madrid
stock exchange. On January 4th, 2014, Spain's minister for public works, Ana Pastor, flew to
Panama for an emergency meeting with President Martinelli and also met all the parties
involved to try to resolve the impasse. According to a spokesperson for Spain's foreign
ministry, "Panama is a country that is close and friendly towards Spain, and we share the
desire and interest to find a solution as soon as possible". Spain's ambassador to Panama,
Jesus Silva, added that all stood to lose out if the contract fell through.
Question
What was the justification (business case) for the project from the perspective of the
government of Panama? And according to GUPC, what was the estimate at completion? Justify your answer.

Two pipes are connected in parallel, the characteristics of pipe A are D = 0.2m, L = 1000m, λ(lamda) = 0.014 and of pipe B are D = 0.25m, L = 2000m, λ (lamda) = 0.017; what will be the total discharge if the head loss in the pipe A is 14.3 m? Neglect the local losses.

Lütfen birini seçin:

A. 0.133 m³/s

B. 0.093 m³/s

C. 0.106 m³/s

D. 0.079 m³/s

Panama Canal, which took 10 years to build and opened in 1914, handles 5% of world trade.
The government of Panama recently initiated a project to expand the canal in order to
increase its share of global shipment, boost job creation, stimulate economic growth and
boost foreign exchange and tax revenue. Among other things, the expansion project involves
the building of a third set of locks that can accommodate mega cargo ships carrying up to
12,000 containers; at the moment the biggest ships that can navigate the canal carry 5,000
containers. The work was awarded to GUPC (Grupo Unidos por el Canal), a consortium of
international construction firms led by Sacyr of Spain. Others are Impregilo of Italy, Belgian
firm Jan De Nul and Constructora Urbana, a Panamanian firm. Work began in 2009 and was
expected to be completed in September 2014 at a total cost of $3.2 billion, according to the
contract.
As of January 2014, the work was already nine months behind schedule (with project
completion now expected in June 2015) and a cost overrun of $1.6 billion had been incurred
as of January 2013. According to GUPC, the cost overrun and schedule slippage were due to
“many and varied unforeseen costs which came up during these gigantic works... They are
technical matters, questions over cement ingredients, geotechnical matters, geological
questions, taxes matters, financial matters, labour issues and weather conditions". However,
Panama Canal Authority (APC), the Panamanian state-owned company responsible for
managing the canal and overseeing the project, attributed the problem partly to a delay of
four months shortly after the project began as a result of GUPC’s attempt to use low-quality
cement, which was rejected by the canal authority.
Since January 2013, there had been an escalating dispute over who should bear the additional
cost of $1.6 billion. The position of APC was that GUPC should respect the existing contract
by absorbing the additional cost, arguing that the cost overrun was due to events that were
"normal" in such a construction project. But GUPC said the cost overrun was due to
"unforeseeable" circumstances and delays caused by APC. On December 30, 2013, the
dispute had become so bad that GUPC threatened to halt work unless the Panamanian
government paid the money within 21 days. In response, the president of Panama, President
Ricardo Martinelli, threatened to go to Europe to demand that the governments of the
member firms of GUPC “take moral responsibility for what happened, because it is not
possible that a company puts such a huge extra charge on expansion work."
News of the suspension threat sent Sacyr’s shares plunging by more than 18% on the Madrid
stock exchange. On January 4th, 2014, Spain's minister for public works, Ana Pastor, flew to
Panama for an emergency meeting with President Martinelli and also met all the parties
involved to try to resolve the impasse. According to a spokesperson for Spain's foreign
ministry, "Panama is a country that is close and friendly towards Spain, and we share the
desire and interest to find a solution as soon as possible". Spain's ambassador to Panama,
Jesus Silva, added that all stood to lose out if the contract fell through.

Question
Explain the main issue in dispute, the disputants involved, and why this dispute was or
may be related to the following aspects of the project:
i. Project Scope
ii. Project Quality
iii. Project Schedule
iv. Project Risks
v. Project Procurement

A vertical sag curve connects two tangents with grades -3% and +2% with the design speed of
100 km/h.
(a) Calculate the available sight distance and the length of the vertical curve using the minimum
flatness of curve that will satisfy the headlight criterion during dark conditions. Assume the
height of the headlight above the pavement is 0.6 m and the angle of the light beam upward
from the axis of beam is 1.
(a) Assuming that the length of the vertical curve is 75 m, calculate the available sight distance
and the maximum design speed (check for the requirements of i) minimum flatness of curve
for headlight and comfort criteria and ii) minimum stopping sight distance for one-way road.
Assume 2.5 s for driver’s perception and reaction time.

In a laboratory work a rigid bucket with a diameter of 1 ft and height of 1.25 ft was filled with loose aggregate. The weight of aggregate was recorded to be 110 lb and its specific gravity was found to be 2.68. Given the above data, calculate (a) the bulk density of the aggregate and (b) the void content of the aggregate sample.

Discuss why air-entrained concrete mixtures require lower water-to-cement ratio in comparison with non-air-entrained mixtures.

Discuss the importance of the slump test for fresh concrete.

What were the major developments in literature and are in the 14^th century?  Provide specific examples.  How did they contrast to earlier literature and art of the Middle ages?

Discuss why air-entrained concrete mixtures require lower water-to-cement ratio in comparison with non-air-entrained mixtures.

Discuss the importance of the slump test for fresh concrete.

Choose the correct answer:
1- The stopping sight distance depends upon:
a) design speed, driver perception & reaction time, vehicle acceleration rate and road slope
b) design speed, vehicle length, vehicle acceleration rate and road width
c) vehicle length, vehicle width, vehicle speed and road slope
d) wind speed, road slope, road curvature and side friction factor
none of the above
2- The superelevation rate of a highway has a design speed of 100kph, radius of 393.7m and side friction
factor of 0.12 is:
a) 4%
b) 6%
c) 8%
d) 10%
e) none of the above
3- Camber in the road cross-section is generally provided for:
a) counteracting the centrifugal force
b) effective drainage
c) having proper sight distance
d) dividing the carriageway
e) none of the above
4- The highway geometric design can be well presented by:
a) longitudinal profile only

b) plan only
c) cross-section elements only
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
5- The length of a vertical curve formed by two gradients +4% and -3% with a rate of vertical curvature of
17 is:
a) 119m
b) 139m
c) 159m
d) 179m
e) none of the above
6- For the movement of vehicles at an intersection of two roads, without any interference, the type of grade
separator generally preferred to, is:
a) trumpet
b) cloverleaf
c) partial cloverleaf
d) diamond
e) none of the above
7- The minimum desirable longitudinal slope required for drainage purposes is:
a) 0.03%
b) 0.30%
c) 1.30%
d) 2.30%
e) none of the above
8- Raising of outer edge of a road with respect to inner edge, is known:
a) widening
b) excavating
c) filling
d) grading
e) none of the above

9- In ice or snow conditions, the maximum limit of the superelevation rate should be:
a) not changed
b) decreased
c) increased
d) 20%
e) 2%
10- The highest point on a vertical symmetrical curve lies in the middle of the curve when:
a) the left grade is greater than the right grade
b) the left grade is smaller than the right grade
c) the left grade equals the right grade
d) none of the above
e) all of the above

1. Which of the following is responsible for the strength and durability of hydrated cement?

(a) CH(b) Ettringite(c) C-S-H (d) All  

2. Usually pozzolanic cement replacement materials react with:

1. C3S(b) C-S-H(c) CH(d) C2S

3. Compaction of concrete results in removal of:

1. Free water(b) Entrained air(c) Entrapped air(c) All  

4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is used for determining …….. of concrete:

1. Strength(b) Hardness(c) Durability (d) Cracks

5. Air-entraining agent is used in concrete mainly for:

1. Corrosion resistance  (b) Freeze-thaw resistance (c) Better workability (d) Less Strength

6. Which type of ASTM cement is suitable for urgent repair work?

1. Type II(b) Type III(c) Type IV(d) Type V

1. His introduction is a maximum of 500 words. The introduction is very important because it defines the context of the report. Provide a short introduction and background on the water supply system design. Presentation of water flow concepts in the piping system focusing on the energy equation (Bernoulli equation), head losses and momentum. Support all information with references. Submit goals at the end of the section. Writing 500 words

A 400 mm concrete wall supports a dead load of 280 KN/m and a live load of 230 KN. The allowable bearing pressure is 230 KN/m2 and the level of the bottom of the footing is 1.5 m below the ground surface. Assume concrete weighs 24 KN/m3, that of soil is 15.74 KN/m3, fc’ = 20.7 Mpa, fy = 248 MPa,. Use 25 mm diameter reinforcing bars. Thickness of footing = 500 mm and concrete cover is 75 mm. Calculate the (a) effective soil pressure, (b) width of wall footing, and (c) spacing of bars at critical section.

Investigate the adequacy of the square footing. The column has dimension of 500 mm x 500 mm and carries an axial load of 1210 KN dead load and 650 KN live load. Allowable soil pressure is 240 Kpa. There is 0.7 m height of soil having a unit weight of 15.74 KN/m3, fc’ = 20.7 Mpa, fy = 276.5 Mpa. The footing section is 2.8 m x 2.8 m with a 600 mm thickness. Use 25 mm diameter main bars.

• determine structural number
You should design a roadway that is to carry 100,000 people a day
(excluding truck occupants) 50,000 in design direction. The vehicles that
carry these people include; (1) personal vehicles (average occupancy of 1.5
people per car) 2 2 kip single axles, and (2) buses with 2 24 kip single axles
(assume they are filled with an average of 40 passengers). There are also
trucks on the roadway and all trucks have 1 40 kip triple axle, 1 34 kip
tandem axle, and 1 8 kip single axle. You know that the soil CBR is 8. the
initial PSI is 4.5 and the TSI is 2.5. Other values to be used:
•
All drainage coefficients = 1.0
•
Reliability = 90%
•
Overall standard deviation of traffic = 0.50