1. Impact of forest and wildfires to climate change and environment particularly on rainfall pattern and water resources

2.  The mitigation measures or what can be done to overcome or minimize the wild and forest fires in future

In regards to,

The impact of wild and bush fires to climate change and the environment in Australia.

In a given year, a catchment with an area of 200 km2 received 1300 mm of rainfall. The average evaporative energy flux due to evapotranspiration was 45 Watts/m2. Assuming negligible change in soil and groundwater storage, and also negligible interception. Estimate the average rate for that year, for the river draining the catchment (in both mm/year and m3/s).

In a given year, a catchment with an area of 200 km2 received 1300 mm of rainfall. The average evaporative energy flux due to evapotranspiration was 45 Watts/m2. Assuming negligible change in soil and groundwater storage, and also negligible interception. Estimate the average rate for that year, for the river draining the catchment (in both mm/year and m3/s)

Explain the relationship between the water-cement ratio and the quality of hardened concrete.

in short answer please

clear handwriting or write it here

W1, W2 and X are given at the bottom.

Design a square column footing for a 18-in. square tied interior column that supports loads of DL (W1) k and Live load LL (W2) k.

The column is reinforced with eight No 8 bars, the bottom of the footing is 5 foot below final grade, and the soil weighs 100 lb /ft3 the allowable soil pressure is w ksf.

The concrete strength is 4,000 psi and the steel is Grade 60.

W1 = 220 k

W2 = 165 k

X = 4.5%

Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of (W1) k and an axial live load of (W2) k.

Begin using approximately (X) percent longitudinal steel, a concrete strength of 4,000 psi and Grade 60 steel.

Draw the details of reinforcement and check all ACI recommendation.

W1 = 220 k

W2 = 165 k

X = 2%

1. Determine the 25-year flow for a 200 square mile watershed in Region 10 of Arizona, which has annual precipitation of 15 inches per year. Comment on its accuracy, that is what are the upper and lower error estimates in terms of cubic feet per second.
2. Determine the 5-year flow for a 25 square mile watershed in Region 14 of Arizona at an elevation of 5000 feet. Comment on its accuracy, that is what are the upper and lower error estimates in terms of cubic feet per second.
3. Determine the 100-year flow of a 70 square mile watershed in Region 12 of Arizona at an elevation of 3500 feet. Comment on its accuracy, that is what are the upper and lower error estimates in terms of cubic feet per second.

A trapezoidal earthen channel that is straight and in good condition with a bottom width of 5.0 ft with side slopes on the left side of 2H to 1V and on the right side of 3H to 1V (two different side slopes) carries a discharge of 200 cfs for a 15-year design storm. The channel slope is 0.001 ft/ft. Determine the following: a) Normal Depth b) Critical Depth c) Critical Slope d) Froude number f) What is the flow type?

A Seven-sided closed field traverse has the following angles and distances in meters which were measured using a Total station:

AB = 51.7660;

BC = 76.9470;

CD = 37.0700;

DE = 29.2019;

EF = 28.7758;

FG = 36.7056;

GA = 41.9555;

The adjusted angles are as follows:

A = 128˚27’02”;

B = 101˚41’49”;

C = 102˚22’05”;

D = 143˚12’43”;

E = 161˚08’23”;

F = 131˚57’22”;

G = 131˚10’35”;

azimuth AB =251˚00'00''

question :

1. Compute the coordinates of the traverse stations using coordinates of station A as 1,000.000 N, 1,000.000 E.
2. Compute the area enclosed by the traverse using the co-ordinate method.
3. It was decided to divide the traverse into two parts AGFED and DCBA, find the area of each part and the length and direction of AD.

in a septic tank, why is the effluent to a sand filter dropped through the air?

Multiple choice .

thanks

6. A chemoorganotroph and a chemolithotroph in the same environment would NOT compete for (a) oxygen. (b) carbon. (c) nitrogen. (d) phosphorous. (e) All of the above would compete. 7. Which of the following is/are an example(s) for the attached growth biological treatment process? (a) Aerated lagoon (b) Oxidation pond (c) Trickling filter (d) All of the above (e) None of the above 8. Given the following data, determine the sludge volume index (SVI). Mixed liquor suspended solids: 4500 mg/L 30-minute settleability: 450 mL/L (a) 10 mL/g (b) 100 mL/g (c) 150 mL/g (d) 300 mL/g (e) 450 mL/g

A square footing is supporting a single interior column with a dimension of 12 in × 12 in. The column carries axial loads as follows: 100 kip dead load and 80 kip live load. Use normal-weight concrete with ?? ′ = 3 ksi, ?? = 60 ksi, and ?? = 5 ksf. The distance from the bottom of the footing to final grade is 5 ft. The height of the footing is 36 in and the concrete cover is 3.5 in. Unit weight of the soil is 100 pcf and unit weight of concrete is 150 pcf.

a) Determine the dimension of the footing (in 1.0-ft increment) and check if the depth is adequate.

b) Design the flexural reinforcement of the footing.

c) Design the dowel reinforcement.