Discuss the theories behind the following methods of structural analysis. Use appropriate diagrams.

1. Elastic analysis second order
2. Finite element analysis analysis

(a)
At a reclamation site, a 6-m thick sand layer overlies a 5.8-m thick clay layer, which is underlain by impermeable rock stratum. The water level is initially 2.5 m above the ground surface. The saturated unit weights of sand and clay are 19 kN/m3 and 17 kN/m3, respectively. A 5-m thick layer of fill will be placed on the original ground surface, and the unit weights of fill are 19 kN/m3 and 20 kN/m3 above and below water table, respectively. Determine the water pressures and effective vertical stresses at the middle of clay layer (i) immediately after the fill is placed, and (ii) many years after the fill is placed.
(b)
Following part (a), the clay has an initial void ratio of 1.02, with compression index (Cc) of 0.34 and recompression/expansion index (Ce) of 0.073. It is also found to be overconsolidated, with OCR of 1.23 throughout the entire layer.
i. Making use of results from part (a) and considering stresses at the middle of clay layer, determine the final consolidation settlements of the clay.
ii. Assuming instantaneous loading (no need to correct for construction time), estimate the consolidation settlements after 12 months and 36 months, if the coefficient of consolidation (cv) equals 1.5 m2/year.
iii. Now consider the necessary correction for a construction period of 10 months. Counting from start of fill placement, how long does it take for 65% consolidation to complete?
iv. For the corresponding stress range, what will be the equivalent value of coefficient of volume compressibility (mv) in m2/MN?

A layer of saturated cohesive soil (16m deep) has a water content of 46 % , and the specific gravity of solid particles of the soil is 2.65. Unit weight of water is 9.81 kN/m³

^Determine

volume of air, weight of water (Ww) in terms of weight of solid, volume of water (Vw) in terms of weight of solid, volume of solid in terms of weight of solid (W_s), weight of water, Assume total volume of soil is 1m³. Determine the weight of solid (W_s) , weight of water in KN and bulk unit weight of soil

In a vertical smooth wall 5m high, the water table is at 2m below the ground surface. Calculate and draw the active lateral pressure using the following data: ydry = 15 ysat = 17. 5 0 = 34 ° above the water table ° 36 = j below the woter table Also, calculate the active thrust (Pa) and its location?

If a spill of radioactive material occurred over an aquifer, estimate the length of time required for the material to reach a river 2 mi away if the aquifer is

a) Gravel

b) Clay

c) Sandstone

d) Granite

Groundwater elevation at the spill site is 100 ft above the water surface in the river.

Using ACI codes.

Design a simply supported one-way reinforcement concrete floor slab with a dimension of 10 ft x10 ft.  

Dead load = 2620 lb

Live load= 28000 lb

Use f'c = 3000 psi and fy = 60,000 psi.
Reinforcement is number 8.

a) Design a one wat slab using ACI code with Reinforcement and the distance of steel bars from one another.

b) Design a slab without reinforcement with minimum thickness.

Compare the load, concrete slab and a reinforced concrete slab can take? What is the advantage of a reinforced concrete slab over a normal concrete slab in this case?

How many and what type of rebars should be places in the reinforcement concrete slab?

1. A traffic signal on the four-leg signalized intersection is designed based on the information below. Please answer the following questions. The startup lost time per phase is 2.0 seconds, and the clearance lost time per phase is 1.5 seconds. The deceleration rate of the vehicles is 3.4 m/s², and the average length of the vehicles is 6.0 m. The lane width of normal lane is 3.3 m, and the turn bay width is 2.8 m. Please ignore the median width and shoulders. Assume there is no sidewalk.

1.1 Compute a displayed yellow signal of all approaches for safe operation of the intersection.

1.2 Compute an all-red signal length of all approaches for safe operation of the intersection. Assume that the number of lanes on leaving direction from the intersection is three for all. Consider the number of lanes on right side of driving direction for this problem.  

1.3 Compute the capacity of through movement of all approaches. A saturation flow rate for through movement is 1800 veh/h. If the multiple cycle lengths are available from calculation, please use the longest cycle length for all approaches to determine the capacity.

2. A flexible pavement is designed with an initial PSI of 4.5 and terminal PSI of 2.0. The subgrade soil was tested and provided CBR value of 6. The relationship between CBR and resilience modulus is given as Mr=1500*CBR. The structural number of this pavement is 4.5 and the overall standard deviation is 0.35, and the reliability is 99%. The original pavement was designed for the following daily traffic:
   • 1400 single axles with 8kips
   • 30 single axles with 40 kips
   • 200 tandem axles with 40 kips

When the axle passes of a single axle with 40 kips and a tandem axle with 40 kips increased by 40% into this highway traffic during the entire service period, how many years will be reduced in the pavement service life?

What is the role of modelling in the design process? Give three reasons why models are useful and illustrate each reason with an example.

Question 3:

Use the annual flood data (annual maximum series) in the table below to perform a flood frequency analysis using the U.S. Water Resources Council Guidelines. The map skew for this location is - 0.2

Fill out the following table

How are Construction Management tools and equipment different from Construction tools and equipment?

In the design of a multiple bay mill-type industrial building with a separate metal processing and finishing shops, what do we use, open or covered structure? Why? Explain in details.