Hydraulics & Hydrology

Problem Statement

The Romans were exquisite water engineers, and that without having at their disposal the modern tools and the knowledge we have today. Remember that Hydraulics and Hydrology as we know it now only came to be in the 1700’ when engineers started to put a fundamental framework together that is/was based on lab experiments and theoretical approaches and principles. Until then, you just “knew”. The Romans build all sorts of hydraulic systems, from irrigation canals, to water supply infrastructure, to the famed “hot baths” of Rome, to sewer systems, you name it. They realized that if you want water for different purposes at locations that were important to you that very often you had to get the water there because it just was not available in close proximity.

One of the marvelous feats they accomplished was to build water supply systems that would run over dozens of miles to convey water from sources to locations of need, typically the towns and cities they founded in their vast empire. They managed to do so by building a lot of infrastructure that withstood time and that, almost 2000 years later, is still in place for us to marvel at. Especially the many bridges that were built to cross valleys and gorges to keep the supply line flowing as an open channel are spectacular in their construction, such as the Pont du Gard, Segovia, and Aquila aqueducts.

Task:

1. Create a small inventory of the 5 most prominent and well-known aqueducts around to this day (you make a decision on what the criteria are for the selection of the 5). Come up with some describing parameters (for sure show an image or two) such as location, total length, capacity, year of built, special features, how many bridges, building materials, etc. Be creative and decide on your own what you want to tell about them.

2. Pick one of them and carry out a hydraulic analysis. I am interested here in typical characteristics such as discharge capacity, slopes, cross sections, but also operation: how did you get the water into the aqueduct, control structures, terminal end structures, Manning’s “n”, ... But also how they were lined, how gaps between construction elements were sealed so no seepage (or losses) would occur. It would also be great if you could treat the aqueduct as a chain of: uniform, rapidly (around controls), and gradually varied flow sections. Carry out a few analyses steps and report on what happens to energy and friction grade lines in these sections, preferably of the entire length of the aqueduct.

Part III – Short Essay (please limit your answer to 250 words)

Please describe how the following elements of project planning are combined to generate a base project plan projecting estimated project cost over time.

- Work breakdown structure

- Organizational breakdown structure

- Control accounts

- Project schedule network

- Project cost estimate

- Cost- and time-weighted schedule

What are the steps to validate a bid estimate?

Discuss different green building evaluation systems?

Consider a rectangular channel with a variable width b and horizontal channel bottom, a) Obtain the equation of water surface profile (dy/dx) as function of Froude number and channel width change (db/dx) in a channel transition assuming that over a short distance x, the energy losses can be neglected. b) Using the equation you have obtained, draw the water surface profile if flow is subcritical and if there is an enlargement in channel cross section b in downstream section (2) and show your results on the graph of specific energy curve (E versus y curve)

4. Compute the area of the loop traverse using the coordinate method from northing and easting coordinates.

5. Compute the bearing and length of each course (A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E,and, A-E) using inverse computations from northing and easting coordinates.

Make a comparison between using one Theodolite for layout different horizontal curves types and using Two Theodolite method, taking in consideration possible obstacles and the specialty between horizontal curves types

What are the key differences in analysis procedure for sway and now sway frames when using the slope deflection method? Can sketches also be made to better explain these differences

The Lolla Hart hospital has a small activated sludge plant to treat its wastewater. The average daily hospital discharge is 1,500 L per day per bed, and the average soluble BOD₅ after primary settling is 500 mg/L. Their permit dictates that the effluent BOD₅ and TSS cannot exceed 30 and 20 mg/L, respectively, on an annual basis. Assume the MLVSS concentration in the aeration basin will be maintained at 3,000 mg/L. Also, assume that the concentration of BOD₅ of the suspended solids is equal to 60% of the suspended solids concentration. The biokinetic coefficients were measured and determined to be:

Ks=70 mg/L BOD5

u_m=2.5 day-1

k_d = 0.06 day-1

Y = 0.6 mg VSS/mg BOD5 removed

Find:

SRT in days

The Aeration basin volume (L)

The Aeration period (days)

The kg of secondary solids wasted each day

1)in which area is allowed to use sulphate cement ?
2)what is the measure that need to be taken while pouring cement in hot weather?

Discuss how shear failure can arise in reinforced concrete members and how such failures can be avoided.                                                                                                                                    

Following a closed traverse, the sum of the interior angles was found to vary from the calculated sum by 2 degrees, 30 minutes. The angles were balanced by adding 30 minutes to each of five internal angles. This would be an example of: A. an arbitrarily balanced field angle adjustment. B. mathematical polygon balancing. C. an equally balanced field angle adjustment. D. a poorly conducted traverse.

Q2. A flexible pavement is to be designed based on AASHTO method. The following are the characteristics of this pavement: R = 90%, S0 = 0.40, Pi = 4.5, Pt = 2.0, SN = 3.5 and Mr (subgrade) = 15,000 psi. (a) If it was decided to use to a base course and an asphalt layer, what will be the thickness of each if you know that the sub-grade CBR = 8, base course CBR = 85, m = 1.0, surface modulus of elasticity = 400,000 psi. (b) How many years this pavement will approximately last, knowing that the average ESAL per year during the design period is 530 000 repetitions.