Question

nursing concept map

-Decreased cardiac output

-Excess fluid volume

-Risk for impaired gas exchange

-Ineffective tissue perfusion

Answer 1

IN this case we want to give first priority to Decreased cardiac output because it is the serious condition in which when the heart does not pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body.If your heart doesn't pump enough blood to supply your body and tissues, it could signal heart failure. Low output also could happen after you've lost too much blood, had a severe infection called sepsis, or had severe heart damage.

Ineffective tissue perfusion.Decrease in oxygen, resulting in failure to nourish tissues at capillary level.When diminished tissue perfusion becomes chronic, it can result in tissue or organ damage or death.Blood is a connective tissue comprised of a liquid extracellular matrix termed as blood plasma which dissolves and suspends multiple cells and cell fragments. It carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The oxygen and nutrients subsequently diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body cells. Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level. Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary, with few or minimal consequences to the health of the patient, or it can be more acute or protracted, with potentially destructive effects on the patient. When diminished tissue perfusion becomes chronic, it can result in tissue or organ damage or death.

The Impaired gas exchange nursing diagnosis was manifested in 42.5% of the sample. The most prevalent defining characteristics were abnormal breathing, dyspnea and hypoxemia. ... In regard to accuracy measures, hypoxemia was the defining characteristic that predicted the occurrence of Impaired gas exchange diagnosis.Smokers and patients suffering from pulmonary problems, prolonged period of immobility, chest or upper abdominal incisions are also at risk for Impaired Gas Exchange.Conditions that cause changes or collapse of the alveoli (e.g., atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome) impair ventilation. High altitudes, hypoventilation, and altered oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood from reduced hemoglobin are other factors that affect gas exchange.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE), or hypervolemia, refers to an isotonic expansion of the ECF due to an increase in total body sodium content and an increase in total body water.Fluid volume excess in the intravascular compartment occurs due to an increase in total body sodium content and a consequent increase in extracellular body water. It may also be caused by excessive intake of sodium from foods, intravenous (IV) solutions and blood transfusions, medications, or diagnostic contrast dyes.Treatment involves removal of excess fluid with diuretics or mechanical fluid removal via methods such as dialysis and paracentesis.