Question

1. write 4 interventions and outcomes

   Decreased cardiac output related to valvular dysfunction as evidenced by a patient having tachycardia and tachypnea.

Answer 1

Decreased cardiac output related to valvular dysfunction as evidenced by a patient having tachycardia and tachypnea

NURSING INTERNATIONS

1)Monitor the general condition and vital signs of patient _ Patient demonstrates adequate cardiac output as evidenced by blood pressure, pulse rate and rhythm within the normal parameters, strong peripheral pulses and an ability to tolerate activities without symptoms of syncope, fatigue, dyspnoea or chest pain.

2)Note the skin color, temperature and moisture of the patient. _ Cold, clammy and pale skin is secondary to compensatory increase in sympathetic nervous system stimulation, low cardiac output and oxygen saturation. Patient should maintain normal temperature, and 90% and above oxygen saturation.

3)Check for any alteration in level of consciousness _ Decreased cerebral perfusion and hypoxia are reflected in irritability, restlessness, and difficulty in concentrating. Thus patient should oriented to place, person and time. This makes to identify the consciousness of patient.

4)Inspect fluid balance and weight gain. Weigh patient regularly prior to the breakfast. Check for pedal and sacral edema. _ Compromised regulatory mechanisms may results in fluid and sodium retention. Body weight is more sensitive indicator of fluid and sodium retention than intake and output.