Question

In: Chemistry

synthesis of Ethanol by fermentation (a) Calculate the atom economy and reaction efficiency of your ethanol...

synthesis of Ethanol by fermentation

(a) Calculate the atom economy and reaction efficiency of your ethanol synthesis. (b) Describe some green features of your synthesis, and any that aren't so green.

Expert Solution

a. The atom economy of a reaction is a theoretical percentage measure of the amount of starting materials that ends up as the 'desired' useful reaction products. Many reactions give more than one product, and not all of them are useful, so it is useful to calculate what % of the products is theoretically useful, and we call this the atom economy of the reaction.

ATOM ECONOMY

= 100*( TOTAL FORMULA MASSES of USEFUL PRODUCT)/( TOTAL FORMULA MASS of all REACTANTS)

Atom economy of the fermentation of sugar to make ethanol,

glucose (sugar) ---(enzyme)---> ethanol + carbon dioxide

C₆H₁₂O_6(aq) -----> 2C₂H₅OH_(aq) + 2CO_2(g)

formula mass of glucose reactant = 180

formula mass of ethanol product = 46

Total mass of desired useful product from 1 formula mass of glucose = 2 x 46 = 92

Atom economy = 100 x 92/180 = 51.1%

Reaction efficiency: The percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction's efficiency. It is the ratio between the actual yield and the theoretical yield.

Percent yield/reaction efficiency = (actual yield/theoretical yield) * 100. Percent yield measures how efficient the reaction is under certain conditions. ....[you have not given the value of theoretical yield, just put the value in the equation.]

b. 1. Sugar beet and sugar cane grow quickly, particularly in warm climates and labor may be very cheap in third world countries. So this method has a sustainable renewable resource.

2. Reaction needs normal temperature, 30-40^oC. Yeast is relatively cheap to produce, since it reproduces and grows quite naturally

3. There are no particular health and safety issues or great risks for the surrounding local communities, unlike the potential hazards of running an oil refinery.

4. The waste carbon dioxide can be safely released into the atmosphere, but it could be used in fizzy carbonated drinks or even pumped into greenhouses to increase the rate of photosynthesis.

5. It does not require any advanced technology compared to a large petrochemical complex based on crude oil.

6. It does not require the importation of expensive crude oil, a non–renewable resource and since based on an agricultural system, it ought to be sustainable with a long–term future.

queen_honey_blossom answered 1 month ago

Calculate the atom economy and reaction efficiency for the Diels Alder reaction.

Calculate the atom economy and reaction efficiency for the Diels Alder reaction. For the reagents, consider only the mass Mol. wt. of the 9-anthracenemethanol and N-methylmaleimide. Use proper significant figures, units and show all work. Atom economy (Mol, wt, desired product/combined Mol, wt. of all reagents) Reaction efficiency = atom economy x percent yield

The exit stream of a beer fermentation system (F) contains ethanol, water and fermentation solids and...

The exit stream of a beer fermentation system (F) contains ethanol, water and fermentation solids and has a mass flow of 1200 ton/day. This stream is fed to a separator from which has to outlets: a stream of 300 ton/day of solids (S) and a stream (A) that is fed to a distillation column. From the top of the column, a flow of 750 ton/day of beer containing 12.5% ethanol and the balance of water is released; the bottom flow...

2. Calculation of the atom economy of the reaction according to the following expression (8): %...

2. Calculation of the atom economy of the reaction according to the following expression (8): % Atom Economy = (Mol. Wt. of Product / S(Mol. Wt. of Reactants)) x 100 How might the atom economy be improved by changing the structure of one of the starting materials? Can you predict any drawbacks to doing this?

11. Ethanol fermentation at a brewery is most likely limited by a. the availability of a...

11. Ethanol fermentation at a brewery is most likely limited by a. the availability of a carbohydrate source b. the availability of ATP c. the build up of carbon dioxide d. the build up of alcohol e. the availability of reductant

Compare ethanol and lactic acid fermentation with regard to their products and the types of cells...

Compare ethanol and lactic acid fermentation with regard to their products and the types of cells in which they occur.

3. Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of glucose in the presence of yeast according...

3. Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of glucose in the presence of yeast according to the following chemical reaction: C6H12O6 -----> 2C2H5OH+2CO2 The feed to the fermenter (not the fresh feed) is 130 mol/s and is 88.1mol% glucose and 11.9 mol% yeast (consider the yeast to be a non-consumable catalyst). The single pass conversion of glucose is 18.6%. The mixed stream exiting the fermenter is passed through a separator that produces a CO2 stream and an ethanol product...

Glycerol is a major by-product of ethanol fermentation in wine production and contributes to the sweetness,...

Glycerol is a major by-product of ethanol fermentation in wine production and contributes to the sweetness, body, and fullness of wines. A recent article on glycerol concentration in standard-quality (uncertified) white wines includes a sample mean of 3.82 (mg/mL) with a sample standard deviation of 2.4for 64 measured observations. Suppose the desired concentration value is 4.0 (mg/mL). Does the sample data suggest that the true average concentration is something other than the desired value? Test at a significance level of...

After fermentation, a mixture of ethanol and water is sent to a small distillation column. At...

After fermentation, a mixture of ethanol and water is sent to a small distillation column. At the top of the distillation column, a 95% ethanol solution at 65°C is produced at a flow rate of 3.5 kg/s. Your job is to design a double-pipe heat exchanger that will cool the 95% ethanol mixture to 40°C by using cooling water that is available at 10°C. Assume an outlet temperature of the cooling water of 55°C, and only use Schedule 40 pipe...

synthesis reaction for dopamine to mdma

A student is required to prepare 40.0 mL of ethanol using a sucrose fermentation technique. How...

A student is required to prepare 40.0 mL of ethanol using a sucrose fermentation technique. How many mL of carbon dioxide can be expected to fill a balloon used as a trap in the fermentation? Conditions: 22.1°C and 1.05 atm, the enzymatic system works at 65.0 % efficiency, and the solubility of CO2 in water can be obtained from the following table: (ml of CO2/100 mL of H2O at 760 mm Hg) Temperature 0°C 20°C 60°C Solubility (mL) 171 88...