Question

Why are Prophylactic Antibiotics Likely to Be given to a child with a Congenital Defect?

What 2 tips can a nurse educate parents of a child with Congenital Heart Disease and conserving the Child’s energy?

Children receiving Diuretics (Lasix, Furosemide, Bumex) must have their Serum

_______________________ monitored closely.

What should be explained to a parent about formula and milk intake during the first year of life?

Sickly Cell disease is most prevalent in people of _____________________or

_______________________descent

What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease?

Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency of_______________________while hemophilia B is an ______________________deficiency

The principal therapy for hemophilia is to prevent___________________by replacing the missing factor.

When bleeding does occur from minor trauma of a child with hemophilia, the traditional approach is to use these 4 steps:

The most common form of childhood cancer is______________________

List 5 side effects to chemotherapy:

Describe the preschooler’s response to the death of a sibling:

The primary fear of dying in children younger than 5 years of age concerns:

Children develop an understanding of death being permanent around age:

Answer 1

Why are Prophylactic Antibiotics Likely to Be given to a child with a Congenital Defect?

Answer: Prophylactic Antibiotics are likely to be given to a child with a Congenital Defect because they may be more prone to infections on account of their congenital defects.The use of Prophylactic Antibiotics helps to

a]decrease the risk of infections.

b]prevent septicemia,,bacteremia

c]decrease infection related illnesses,mortality and morbidity.

d]prevent organ damage.

explanation:

Congenital defects associated with higher risk of infections can cause septicemia and bacteraemia in children on account of poorly developed immune system. Prophylactic antibiotics are likely be given to the children in order to prevent the infections from occurring and prevent the resultant septicemia and organ damage associated with the infection.The commonest indications seen are in

a]Congenital heart defects.

To prevent risk of infective endocarditis and septicaemia in congenital heart defects,prophylactic antibiotics belonging to the penicillin group like amoxicillin are given in children.The use of prophylactic antibiotics is specially indicated in children with congenital structural heart defects, cyanotic heart defects and those who have undergone reparative surgery with placement of cardiac prosthesis or cardiac devices..

b]Congenital urinary system defects:

To prevent ascending urinary tract infection,kidney infections , occurrence of pyelonephritis with consequent renal scarring and kidney damage in cases of congenital vesico ureteral reflux patients[grade 1 to 3] qualifying for the medical management and following corrective surgery.

Ampicillin is the treatment of choice for infants up to 6 weeks followed by trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole.Other antibiotics like nitrofurantoin, nalidixic acid and  cephalosporins may be considered

.The infections occurring in these situations of congenital defects are very virulent with higher rates of bacteremia, septicemia and cause high morbidity and mortality. In order to decrease the risk of infections, prophylactic antibiotics are likely to be given to a child with congenital defects with increased risk of infections

What 2 tips can a nurse educate parents of a child with Congenital Heart Disease and conserving the Child’s energy?

Answer:

The tips nurse can educate parents of a child with Congenital Heart Disease regarding conserving the Child’s energy are:

1,Adequate rest and sleep with the provision of low intensity physical exercises or activities in order to limit energy expenditure and conserve the child energy.

2.Setting limits for exercise and physical activity: in order to prevent excessive fatigue and conserve the energy

3.Avoiding the excessive heat or cold:Keeping the child warm by avoiding the excessive heat or cold helps to conserve body energy.The body temperature regulation processes in conditions of excessive heat or cold cause a lot of energy expenditure .Hence the child should be kept warm ,avoiding excessive temperature fluctuations to conserve the energy

4.Organising and providing for quiet play and age appropriate diversional activity

As the child is more prone to fatigue and decrease in energy from physical activity, the child should be provided with toys and activities so as to engage him in quiet play and age appropriate activities to promote the adequate growth ,physical and mental development while at the same time help him to conserve the energy.

5.Preventing infants from crying excessively and providing cross cut nipples  in order to decrease their effort of feeding there by conserving the energy

Children receiving Diuretics (Lasix, Furosemide, Bumex) must have their Serum

_______________________ monitored closely.

Answer: Serum potassium levels.

Explanation :Diuretics like Lasix, Furosemide, Bumex are loop diuretics and they act on the distal renal tubules and decrease the absorption of sodium and water and cause decrease in  serum potassium levels. Potassium is very important electrolyte required for the normal functioning of the body muscles and nerves and cardiac functioning and contractility. Hypokalemia can cause fatigue, muscle cramps and cardiac dysrhythmias.So potassium-rich foods and potassium supplements are generally prescribed along with these loop diuretics.Hence serum potassium levels must be closely monitored in children receiving these diuretics

What should be explained to a parent about formula and milk intake during the first year of life?

Answer:

The parents of a child should be explained that milk forms an essential diet for the child from birth to six months. After six months, fortified cereals formulas, pureed foods have to be gradually introduced in the diet of the child along with the breast or formula milk in order to increase the nutritional intake of the child and provide the calories for rapid growth.

The advantages of the breast milk in providing passive immunity to the child by the transfer of maternal antibodies must be explained to the parents as over the formula milk.Exclusive breastfeeding upto the age of 6 months is idealyl advised. Formula milk may be used in cases of contraindications for breastfeeding or when breastfeeding is not possible or inadequate.If it is not possible to maintain the child on breastfeeding alone; formula milk may used along with breast milk in order to maintain the Infant nutritional needs.

The parents must be advised to give breastfeeding as far as possible to the child from birth up to the age of 2 years due to its conferring immunity advantage The weaning process should be started at age of 6 months but breastmilk/ formula milk should be continued along with the fortified cereals formulas, pureed foods in order to provide the protein and nutritional support .

If the Infant is lactose intolerant ,lactose free [soy based]formulas may be used.Proper hygienic precautions and sterilization techniques must be used in preparing the formula feeds and the infant must be held in upright position position after feeding to allow for burping and the gases to escape after the feeding

Sickly Cell disease is most prevalent in people of _____________________or_______________________descent

Answer:Sickly Cell disease is most prevalent in people of ________African,Middle eastern,Asian Indian,Central and South American __________or__________Mediterranean,____________descent

explanation:

The occurrence of Sickle Cell gene is seen in higher proportion in people of African and Mediterranean ancestry It is also seen in higher proportion in peoples of Arabian Peninsula,Middle east ,India and Spanish speaking population of Central and South America ,Hence the answer

What is the difference between sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease?

Answer:

Sickle Cell disease is inherited as an autosomal recessive pattern with one gene from each parent being transmitted to the child.A child who inherits the Sickle Cell gene from only one parent has only one Sickle Cell gene and is known to have a Sickle Cell trait.Achild/ person with Sickle Cell trait may not have clinical manifestations /symptoms related to the presence of the abnormal gene .A child who inherits a sickle cell gene from both the parents has two Sickle Cell genes and  manifest the disease clinically with all symptoms and signs and hence is said to have Sickle Cell disease

Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency of_______________________while hemophilia B is an ______________________deficiency.

Answer:Hemophilia A is caused by deficiency of__________ clotting factor VIII_____________while hemophilia B is an _______________ clotting factor IX [9]_______deficiency

explanation: Haemophilia is a group of bleeding disorders which occurs due to congenital deficiency of the clotting factors. In Haemophilia A, there is deficiency of clotting factor VIII, while in haemophilia B there is deficiency of clotting factor IX ; hence the answer.