Question

25. Which of the following does not protect body surfaces:                                                                                                        

A. Skin      

B. Mucus     

C. Gastric acid          

D. Salivary amylase            

E. Gut microflora

                                                                                                                                                                                                      

26. Acute inflammation characteristically involves:                                                                                                                                                      

A. Constriction of arterioles                             

B. Capillary endothelial cell enlargement                                                

C. Influx of macrophages                                   

D. influx of mast cells                                                                       

E. Influx of neutrophils

27. The mononuclear phagocyte system does not include:                

A. Monocytes                                                                              

B. Kupffer cells                                                                                                                                                                                 

C. Lymph node medullary macrophages                               

D. Endothelial cells

Answer 1

25. The following which doesnot protect the body is Neutrophils function in three primary capacities: generation of oxidative bursts, release of granules and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)(D)SALIVARY AMYLASE

Saliva contain enzymes salivary amylase and Lysozyme. Amylase helps in the breakdown of 30% of complex carbohydrates in the food consumed to simple ones catalyzing the hydrolysis of polysaccharides into disaccharides. It works best in alkali conditions as saliva has a pH of 11.

Skin covers and protects the body. Mucus acts as first line of defence against microorganisms. Gastric glands secrete various enzymes including Hydrochloric acid which kills most bacteria. Gut microflora inhibits the pathogen.

26. Acute inflammation characteristically involves (E) INFLUX OF NEUTROPHILS

The main phagocytes involved in acute inflammation are the neutrophils one of the white blood cells having granules with cell-destroying enzymes and proteins. Acute inflammation includes

• Redness
• High temperature
• Swelling
• Pain
• Loss of function

Neutrophils kill microorganisms and other pathogens by phagocytosis. They play a major role in frontline defense and secrete cytokines. Neutrophils function in three ways by

1. Generation of oxidative bursts that is Reactive Oxygen Species causing cell damage
2. Release of granules and
3. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) controlling microbial infections

27. The mononuclear Phagocyte System does not include (D)ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

The mononuclear Phagocyte system includes Macrophages, Monocytes, Dendritic cells and Kupffer cells but not endothelial cells. Mononuclear Phagocyte System forms a part of Innate Immunity to findout pathogens and phagocyte them or initiate adaptive immunity by presenting the antigens to T cells.

• Macrophages - homeostatis and immune regulation
• Dendritic cells - Presentation of cells to T cells
• Monocytes - Phagocytosis
• Kupffer cells - Defence and Phagocytosis