Question

Under "GI Disorders" choose an area of the bowel or perhaps "Kids and Teens". Choose a bowel area and then a specific pathology.

Investigate a bowel pathology.

Include the following aspects in the assignment:

·         Summarize the pathology

·         Include signs and symptoms, tests/diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes

·         Explore the other tabs across the top of the IFFGD site and share what you found most interesting: Manage Your Health, Resources, News, and Research

·         There is no word limit for this assignment but you must thoroughly address each bullet point.

Answer 1

ACUTE DIARRHEA is defined as a change in consistency and frequency of stools, i.e. liquid or watery stools, that occur >3 times a day. there is associated blood in stools, it is termed In the vast majority of cases, these acute episodes subside within 7 days. Acute diarrhea may persist for >2 weeks in cases, which is labeled as The global annual burden of diarrhea is huge, affecting 3-5 billion cases and causing approximately 2 million deaths a year. Diarrhea accounts for over of all deaths in underfive children. The two most important consequences of diarrhea in children are malnutrition and dehydration. Malnutrition and diarrhea form a vicious cycle, sincemalnutrition increases the risk and severity of diarrhea.Impaired absorption, loss of nutrients, increased catabolism and improper feeding in diarrhea aggravate the severity of malnutrition. A child may lose as much water and electrolytes from the body during an episode of diarrhea as an adult, which translates into a higher proportion of total body water loss in the child. Significant dehydration with abnormalelectrolyte and acid-base status occurs in of all casesof diarrhea, which may be fatal. Etiology Intestinal infections are the most common cause of acute diarrhea. However, certain drugs, food allergy, systemic infections (e.g. urinary tract infection and otitis media) and surgical conditions (e.g. appendicitis or Hirschsprung disease) can also present as acute onset diarrhea. Causative agents of acute diarrhea (Table 11.7) can be identified in nearly episodes of acute diarrhea. Rotavirus remains the leading cause of severe, dehydrating gastroenteritis worldwide. In India, rotavirus and enterotoxigenic account for nearly half of the total diarrheal episodes among children. In rota virus diarrhea, vomiting is an early feature and diarrhea is more severe. Cholera accounts for cases; it is endemic in some parts and may occur inoutbreaks. In cholera, stools are like rice water, vomiting is common and rapid onset of severe dehydration occurs within hours. Apart from enterotoxin producing E. (ETEC), which accounts for nearly of childhooddiarrhea, enteroinvasive E. (EIEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) can cause dysentery. EHECmay also a cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings Approximately of a child's body weight is water, present in two fluid compartments: the extracellular fluid

Short-term diarrhoea : Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of gastroenteritis (a bowel infection). It can be caused by:

• A virus, such as a Norovirus or Rotavirus
• A Parasite , such as the Giardia intestinalis,   that causes Giardiasis
• Bacteria, such as Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile (C. difficile), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella and Shigella: they all may cause food poisoning

Other causes of short-term diarrhoea include:

• Emotional upset or anxiety
• Intake of too much coffee or alcohol
• Any food allergy
• Appendicitis (painful swelling of the appendix)
• Damage to the lining of the intestines due to radiotherapy.

Diarrhoea can also sometimes be a side effect of medicineslike :

• Antibiotics
• Antacid medicines that contain magnesium
• Some medicines that are used in chemotherapy
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Statins – cholesterol-lowering medicines
• Laxatives – medicine used to help empty   bowels, if   constipated

Long-term diarrhoea

• Bowel cancer – which can cause diarrhoea and blood in   stools
• Chronic pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas, a small organ that produces hormones and digestive juices
• Coeliac disease – a gastrointestinal tract disorder   where one is intolerant to the protein gluten
• Crohn’s disease – a condition that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) – a poorly understood condition where the normal functions of the bowel are disrupted
• Microscopic colitis – a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes watery diarrhoea
• Ulcerative colitis – a condition that affects the colon (large intestine)
• Cystic fibrosis – an inherited condition that affects the lungs and digestive system
• Persistent diarrhea can also sometimes occur following a gastrectomy. This is a surgical operation to remove part of the stomach – for example, as a treatment for stomach cancer.