Question

Understand Leukemia and who it affects most Understand what happens when when bone marrow function is depressed Understand how hemoglobin is measured Differentiate between Lymphocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, and erythrocytes, what do each do in the body? Differentiate the signs and symptoms of each type of diarrhea Differentiate between diverticulitis and diverticulosis

Answer 1

Bone marrow produces blood cells. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. It can happen when there is a problem in the production of blood cells. Usually the leukocytes or white blood cells are affected. Risk factors: individuals with HIV infection, smoking, genetic factor and Down ‘s syndrome.  
Bone marrow suppression is the decrease in leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes. It causes decrease in immunity, oxygen and blood clotting.  
Haemoglobin test measures haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin carries oxygen through red blood cells. A sample of blood is taken by pricking the fingertip or inserting needle into the vein for adults and pricking the heel for infants.
Lymphocytes: It circulates in the body to activate the antibody response and activate anti-inflammatory effect. Granululocytes: It helps in fighting the infection in the body. Neutrophils: They immediately attack the antigens. Erythrocytes: They are the red blood cells. They carry oxygen to different parts of the body.
Different types of diarrhoea are:
• Osmotic diarrhoea: It involves the retention of water in the bowel.
• Secretory diarrhoea: In this electrolyte absorption is affected and there is release of water into the small intestine causing loose stools.
• Motility related diarrhoea: Hyperthyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome causes changes in the functioning of the digestive system.
• Inflammatory diarrhoea: A condition where the colon is inflamed causing bloody diarrhoea.
Diverticulosis: It is a condition where small pouches protrudes from the wall of the colon. As such it is not a serious condition. Symptoms: mild cramps, bloating and constipation.
Diverticulitis: It is a condition where diverticulosis becomes infected. This infection can lead to other problems. Symptoms: abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation and chills.