Question

Pick 4 disease processes and write the patho. Pathophysiology is more than one line.

Please I need help with this. The diseases are: You pick 4

-Multiple Sclerosis

-Aortic Aneurysm

-Renal Failure

-Stroke

-Tuberculosis

A paragraph for each is what I want.

Make sure you use references and cite them in proper APA form.

Answer 1

Pathophysiology :-

1. Multiple sclerosis :-

- Presence of multifocal regions of inflammation and myelin destruction of in the CNS (brain, spinal cord, optic nerve).

- Slowed or blocked axonal conduction

- Damaged tissue is replaced with astrocyte-derived filaments, forming scars

- Axon damage

- Olgodendrocyte damage

Autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS

-Loss of myelin sheath and axons causing loss of saltatory conduction

-Results in inefficient conduction or conduction block

-Affects all types of nerve fibers: motor, sensory and autonomic

2. Aortic aneurysm :-

Bulging of arotic wall often results from atherosclerosis ( hardening and narrowing of arteries ) which weakens the vessel wall and results in bulging .

3. Renal failure :-

o Abrupt reduction in renal function cause accumulation of waste materials in blood (occurs over hours-weeks)

o Potentially reversible (if not completely ischemic)

o Ischemia Nephrotoxin causes inflammation of glomeruli (bec leaky) or affects tubules (sec and reab btw peritubular cap is affected)

o The proteins cells leak from inflamed glomerulus get stuck inside tubules and form casts - clump together - forms obstruction inside tubule. Urine past the obstruction is not good, goes back to Bowman's capsule. Tubule will be obstructed, but build up pressure to Bowman's capsule, kills nephron. Oliguria is bc of dec GFR.

4. Stroke :-

Cellular level events include: depletion of energy source, loss of ion pump, glutamate release, CA excitotoxicity, apoptosis, neuroprotection.--> ischemic penumbra--> cerebral edema

Clinical pathology of hemorrhagic stroke

ruptured vessel creates havoc on brain--> increased ICP, constrict cerebral flow, increase brain tissue compression--> inflammatory response progresses CVA impairment bc of cerebral ischemia d/t hemorrhage