Question

Explain the Integration management of the Manhattan Project?

Answer 1

Manhattan Project

When the bombing of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred, the intentions of its creators came into question. It seems that at the beginning of the War, the head scientists of the Manhattan Project sought to create the atom bomb as a safety precaution. If America was the first country to create the bomb, then they would remain the most powerful country of the time. And it was during the production of the bomb that the scientist attempted to release all of the responsibilities of the bomb from themselves, attesting that they had no power to control the use of the bomb. Although it was after the dropping of the A-bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki that they regretted what the bomb did to the Japanese people.

At the advent of the War the United States began researching the possibility of the atomic bomb. It was Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner who drafted a letter, which was signed by Einstein, to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, warning the President of the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type". It was the Americans who had reason to believe that the Germans were also attempting to create the atom bomb. With this in mind, the Manhattan Project began as a race, a means to remain one step ahead of the Germans. The Manhattan Project began with little funding, as a relatively small experiment, with a fund of $167,000, later it would grow to include some 130,000 scientist, with over 30 research facilities in the US, UK, and Canada, costing over 2 billion dollars, some 26 billion dollars today.

But it was towards the end of the War, when Germany had already surrendered, that Szilard began to question the continuation of the Manhattan Project. He was even noted saying, "What is the purpose of continuing the development of the bomb, and how would the bomb be used if the war with Japan has not ended by the time we have the first bombs?". In May of 1945 Szilard met with Sec. of State, James Brynes, in order to tell Brynes that the atomic bomb should not be used on the Japanese. And instead, he suggested that they America should come to the an international agreement on the control of the bomb, before using it without first testing it. Today, we know that all of this, was of course ignored.

It was after the War that we heard the regret in the testimonies of the Manhattan scientists. Einstein was quoted saying, "I made one great mistake in my life... when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there were some justifications - the danger that the Germans would make them." Oppenheimer, another scientist working on the Manhattan Project, was also quoted stating that though he did not regret the creation of the A-bomb, he did regret the means of which it was used. "I have no remorse about the making of the bomb... That was done right. As far as how we used it... our government should have acted with more foresight and clarity.".

Though we all know the A-bomb today as one of the greatest monstrosities created by humans, it creation was by no means out of evil intention. After so many deaths, hardship, and pain, people sought for an answer to the War. Though the A-bomb was by no means an answer, it did end up ending the War. And for that alone we must be grateful, but we must also remember the hardship that those innocents affected by the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki faced, and those wounded or killed during the Second World War.

After the World War, it is known that the Manhattan project is the origins of the first nuclear weapons. There were also several risks related to the project, such as German disruption, risk of confidential exposure, project failure and loss of cash and the risk of taking off / start-up. But it was effective to develop adequate conceptual and functional clarification of the project, regular plan updates, improved man-based warning system, etc. by using efficient risk management techniques Unfortunately, though, in wars, some people's success may be disastrous to others.