Question

Discuss in terms of research what  

Common rater effects

Item characteristic effects

Measurement context effects

Ways to minimize common method bias

Answer 1

1) Common rater effects: Common rater effects are serially made errors consequently. It clearly means that an error occoured in the starting of an process but not rectified and so carry on , thus on the other steps also the results will differ due the error on the first step.

2)Item characteristic effects: It is the average signed area between the two items charecteristics . Items have curves and test procedures but a space will always be there due to different charecteristics which needs to be taken into consideration.

3) Measurement context effects: Measurement context effects is the effect of prior questions on the later questions answers. The answers of next questions depends on the answers of prior questions .

4) Ways to minimise common method bias: Best methods to minimise the bias are to maintain the relational identity . Self reported variables needs to be kept identical always to prevent it from the problems.