Definition 1 (Topological space). Let X be a set. A collection O
of subsets of X is called a topology on the set X if the following
properties are satisfied:
(1) emptyset ∈ O and X ∈ O.
(2) For all A,B ∈ O, we have A∩B ∈ O (stability under
intersection).
(3) For all index sets I, and for all collections {Ui}i∈I of
elements of O (i.e., Ui ∈ O for all i ∈ I), we have U i∈I...