Question

what are the two examples of means of internationalisation ?
in a western culture context, describe the essential individual characteristics or professional traits expected from managers provide at least 5 example in your response
multinational enterprises (mnes) have been criticised for having cash- cow perspective of their host country resources . explain why this may be the case and provide exmaple in your response
as a part of cultural leaderships, there are four important culture based norms and belief which need to be considered. explain each type of culturalbased norms and belief and provide appropriate example in your response .
when engaging in cross cultural communication there are six fundamental pattern of culture difference. explain five of them and provide appropriate example in your response .

Answer 1

There are three main ways of internationalising a business -

1.) Through exports: A business could export and expand its operations in markets other than the domestic nations. This can be done by exporting directly or by employing the services of export houses. This is a method very commonly used for internationaisation as this does not include the business firm to be present in the country to which it wants to export. Even if the business does not have direct operations in the country, it can always employ export houses that will aid in the physical distrubution of the business products in the target country.

2.) Through non-equity techniques: Another way to internaitonalise is through expanding operations phycially in the target country by either licensing the business to be carried out by someone in the country or by opening own franchises in the country. Licensing can be used when the foreing company does not have too much knowledge of the target country demographics and licenses out its technology that is copyrighted and patented, to the licensee who carries out the production and distribution activities on its name. In franchising, the business itself sets up outlets in the country and gives a full resource commitment in the target country.

3.) Through equity based methods: A third way of internationalisation is when the business invests in another country by buying shares or FDI. This it can do by acquiring an old or existing firm in the country, by merging with a firm in the country or simply by means of a joint venture between a firm that is operational in the country and the business that wants to expand its operations in that country.