Question

Q # 6: Explain the differences in antipsychotic drug side-effects between extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and hyperprolatinemia.

Q # 7: Explain the difference between the glutamate hypothesis, dopamine hypothesis, and the serotonin-dopamine hypothesis of psychosis.

Q # 8: How are third-generation antipsychotic drugs different than first-generation antipsychotic drugs?

Q #9: How can animal models be used to evaluate atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Q # 10: What is the relationship between the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and the ventral tegmental area in schizophrenia?

Answer 1

• 6.Extrapyramidal function refers to our motor control and coordination, including being able to not make movements we don't want to make.
• Antipsychotic medications commonly produce extrapyramidal symptoms as side effects. The extrapyramidal symptoms include acute dyskinesias and dystonic reactions, tardive dyskinesia, Parkinsonism, akinesia, akathisia, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
  
• Extrapyramidal side effects: Physical symptoms, including tremor, slurred speech, akathesia, dystonia, anxiety, distress, paranoia, and bradyphrenia, that are primarily associated with improper dosing of or unusual reactions to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications.
• Tardive dyskinesia, which is when you have uncontrollable facial movements such as sucking or chewing, lip smacking, sticking your tongue out or blinking your eyes repeatedly.Tardive dyskinesia is an involuntary movement disorder that is irreversible and difficult to treat.
• Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but life-threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic medications that is characterized by fever, muscular rigidity, altered mental status, and autonomic dysfunction. NMS often occurs shortly after the initiation of neuroleptic treatment, or after dose increases.
  
• Hyperprolactinemia is a disorder marked by the overproduction of prolactin,one of eight hormones produced by the pituitary gland in both men and nonpregnant women.
• In women symptoms include- cessation of menstrual periods (amenorrhea), decreased menstrual flow (oligomenorrhea), abnormal production of breast milk when not breastfeeding (galactorrhea), excess facial hair (hirsutism), vaginal dryness and pain during intercourse and infertility.
• In men: impotence, infertility, decreased libido and, rarely, enlarged breasts (gynecomastia) and galactorrhea, decreased muscle mass and reduced body hair.
• Headaches and impaired vision may occur as tumor growth exerts pressure within the skull.
• Due to time limit,remaining questions can be asked as another question,they will be answered,thankyou for your cooperation