Question

Human complacency and apathetic behaviors are considered to be major factors responsible for the continued threat of microbial disease, particularly in the developed world.

1. Define complacency as it relates to microbial disease.

2. Do you agree with this statement? Yes or no?

3. If yes, please provide a general example or a personal anecdote supporting this statement. If no, explain why.

Answer 1

1. Complancy to microbial diseases can think in a different way in today's context. obvious is that many of us, especially those living in developed countries, are very critical of the risk of infectious diseases. Although we accept that there is a risk, we believe that the real danger is to "other" people, especially those living in poor countries. Or we believe that when faced with a major epidemic, our government and the scientific community create timely solutions to protect their families and ourselves.

2. & 3

Antimicrobial resistance in terms of pandemic influenza and catastrophic consequences are two of the biggest threats to the world today, both on the global stage.

Influenza, such as plague, has caused disease and death for hundreds of years in humans. Given this history, it is somewhat disappointing that many people view this viral disease as an unpleasant but fundamentally harmless disease. Diagnosis of influenza these days often produces little more than the sympathy of one's friends and family, though it should not be looked at in the early 1900s to grasp the magnitude of the risk of this pathogen.

Although the effects of influenza epidemics vary in severity, they all cause widespread morbidity and mortality. This is especially true in the case of the 1918 influenza A pandemic, which claimed more than 20 million lives worldwide in one year and is one of the worst disasters in human history. In the United States alone, it is estimated that one in four people fell ill during the epidemic and 500,000 died. The mortality rate of influenza and pneumonia was estimated at 4.8 per 1,000 cases in 1918, three times the number of previous years.

The signs of influenza virus infection are familiar to almost everyone: fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches and coughs. Although most people recover completely within a week, even during infections, the elderly, the very young, and the chronically ill can die of viral infections or complications from secondary bacterial pneumonia. There is a risk (this type of pneumonia is the cause of most influenza deaths in people over the age of 60)

The origins of the 1918 influenza pandemic are doubtful, but may have originated from the mild but large-scale outbreak of the disease in the United States, as it coincided with the end of the First World War. Its spread is mainly for the military. Camps and mob offices are more specific and rethinking, as there are a large number of young people who have died of the disease. Overall, however, early mortality was low, and the outbreak was largely absent. In fact, the first wave of the epidemic was only discovered after the second wave had passed.

The first wave swept across North America in March and April, and then proceeded as fast as it appeared; The infection moved to Europe, where it first reached epidemic proportions in France in April 1918. In the following months, influenza spread throughout Europe. European-based combat forces have lost a significant number of troops, known as the Spanish flu (excluding Spain) due to high incidence in Spain.

Although only 2 to 3 percent of people die from illness, the unusually high mortality rate of previously healthy young people means a decrease in the number of highly productive members of society. This first wave spread rapidly and engulfed the world in less than five months.

The disease returned in the United States in August 1918 in a more viral form, spreading from the east coast to California, resulting in large numbers of deaths in many American cities. Health officials responded to the need for citizens to wear masks in public areas and took other measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Most of these efforts were not made until the worst phase of the epidemic had passed.

In the spring of 1919, the third wave, commonly described as the Great Pandemic, although significant influenza deaths in the 1920s may have resulted in the same outbreak (Kilbourne, 1987). The 1918 influenza epidemic has affected most people in a very wide geographical area, which has been the focus of many studies (Hoehling, 1961; Crosby, 1976; Osborne, 1977; Neutral and Feinberg, 1978; Kilbourne, 1987). ).

Although the 1918 pandemic was one of the most devastating outbreaks of infectious diseases in human history, technology at that time did not allow the virus to be isolated. Therefore, no specimen of influenza strains attributed to the study was available, which means that the great virulence and epidemiology of the virus have not been investigated using modern molecular virology tools. However, serological evidence suggests that the virus, like the influenza virus of 1918, still persists today.

Since the epidemic of 1918, two major global outbreaks of influenza A have occurred in the twentieth century, 1957 and 1968. Significant and less severe infections occurred in 1947 and 1977. A severe outbreak occurred in 1976, but, for such reasons. Still not clear, never physically. Some consider this 1976 episode to be a failure to properly assess the risk of human pathogens. Others say only experience shows how difficult it is to accurately predict what a devastating epidemic is.

It is impossible to know when the next influenza pandemic will come. The terrible new pandemic influenza virus may be caused by the re-establishment of two different, existing influenza viruses. Fortunately, “successful” guarantees are rare. However, there is always the risk of such a reombination, and many scientists believe it is only a matter of time before it happens again. The fatal 1983 pandemic of avian influenza in poultry (caused by a point mutation in the H5N2 subtype) completely recalls that small changes in the viral genome could produce pathogens of exceptional virility and circulatory ability (Kawaka and Webster, 1988).