Question

How do enzymes increase the rate of biological reactions? Why are enzymes needed? What do we mean by allosteric and covalent enzyme modification when referring to an enzyme’s activity? Give a complete description of each type of regulation and an example. What is saturation? 4 points

Answer 1

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms,and which can be extracted from cells and then used to catalyst a wide range of commercially important processes.For example,they have important roles in the production of sweetening agents and the modifications of antibiotics,they are used in washing powders,and they play a key role in analytical devices and assays that have clinical,forensic and environmental applications.    Need of Enzymes: Enzymes are proteins that control the speed of chemical reactions in our body.they are vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body,such as aiding in digestion and metabolism. Allosteric enzymes is crucial for the control of cellular metabolism. Allosteric regulation occurs when an activator or inhibitor molecule blinds at a specific regulatory site on the enzyme and induces conformational or electrostatic changes that either enhance or reduce enzyme activities.

Covalent attachment of another molecule can modify the activity of enzymes and many other proteins. In these instants, a donor molecule provides a functional moiety that modifies the properties of the enzyme. ...phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are  the most common but not the only means of covalent modification

Types of regulation : 1.allosteric regulation,genetic and covalent modification and inhibition are all types of enzymatic regulation .

Example of allosteric regulation: Occurs when binding of one ligand enhances the attraction between substrate molecules and other binding sites.An example is the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin,where oxygen is effectively both the substrate and the effector. Example of covalent regulation:Covalent modifications are enzyme catalysed alterations of synthesised proteins and include the addition or removal of chemical groups.For the examples of the covalent modification strategy are acetylation/deacytilation: phosphorylation/dephosphorilation: myristoylation: ADP ribosylation;farnesylation;sulfation;ubiquitination.In the case of phosphorylation,glucose homeostasis is the function that is modified in the glycogen phosphorylase protein. SATURATION: 1.the means holding as much moisture as possible. 2.saturation is the process or state that occurs when a place or thing is filled completely with people or things,so that no more can be added. 3.saturation is the fully conducting state a semiconductor junction. 4.condition,point,or stage where no more of an item can be absorbed in a particular medium or market.