Question

Q3: Shallow & Deep foundation are the two main types of foundation. Compare how both differs from each other. Suggest which type is mostly suitable for sky scrapers.

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Answer 1

The main differences between shallow and deep foundation are given:

	Sources	Shallow Foundation	Deep Foundation
1	Definition	Foundation which is placed near the surface of the earth or transfers the loads at shallow depth is called the shallow foundation.	Foundation which is placed at a greater depth or transfers the loads to deep strata is called the deep foundation.
2	The depth of the foundation	The depth of shallow foundation is generally about 3 meters or the depth of foundation is less than the footing with.	Greater than the shallow foundation.
3	Cost	A shallow foundation is cheaper.	Deep foundations are generally more expensive than shallow foundations.
4	Feasibility	Shallow foundations are easier to construct.	The construction process of a deep foundation is more complex.
5	Mechanism of load transfer	Shallow foundations transfer loads mostly by end bearing.	Deep foundations rely both on end bearing and skin friction, with few exceptions like end-bearing pile.
6	Advantages	Construction materials are available, less labor is needed, construction procedure is simple at an affordable cost, etc.	Foundation can be provided at a greater depth, Provides lateral support and resists uplift, effective when foundation at shallow depth is not possible, can carry a huge load, etc.
7	Disadvantages	Possibility of a settlement, usually applicable for lightweight structure, weak against lateral loads, etc.	More expensive, needs skilled labors, complex construction procedures, can be time-consuming and some types of deep foundations are not very flexible, etc.
8	Types	Isolated foundation, strip foundation, mat foundation, combined foundation, etc.	Pier foundation, pile foundation, caissons etc.

Most suitable type of foundation for sky scrapers is Deep foundation.

Generally the answer is very deep cylinders of concrete or steel (or both) that penetrate the earth until they reach either a stable bedrock layer or there is enough friction on the sides of the long cylinders to prevent the building from sinking and enough depth to prevent it from toppling in an earthquake.

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