Question

1. Outline 5 ways in which bryophytes adapt to land habitat.
2. What is species? State the rules guiding animal taxonomy.
3. In a tabula form, state the differences between chondrichthyes and osteichtyes
4. How do monotremes, marsupial and placenta mammals differ?
5. What is the difference between the following animals. I]diploblastic and troploblastic. ii] anadromous and catadromous iii] euryhaline and stenohaline iv] agnatha and agnathostomata v] metatheria and eutheria. Vi]annelid and mollusc
6. Classify modern amphibians to different orders given the salient features of each order
7. What advancement has phylum annelid over phylum platyhelminthes. Give list of the classes under phylum mollusc.
8. Identify an animal phylum that exhibits the following features, protonephridia, cnidoblasts, canal system, tube foot, water vascular system, choanocytes and aristotle’s lantern
9. What are the adaptations of birds to aerial life. State the different meansof respiration and excretion in the phylum arthropoda
10. Illustrate with didgrames the types of protosele and siphonostele. Explain the following terms.;eustele, atactostele siphonostele dictyostele and actinostele
11. With a well labelled diagram illustrate a unicellular fungus
12. Describe with a labelled diagram the thallus anatomy of a named thaloid liverwort
13. State ten advancement and successes of a typical andiosperm over other spermatophytes
14. Give a detailed classification of gymnosperm. Draw a well labelled flower and state the function of labelled parts. Draw life cycle of the most primitice form of a vascular non-seed plants
15. With the aid of diagrams explain the terms; i]Acoelomat, ii] pseudocoelomate, iii] coelomate. Why do you think it is necessary to classify animals?
16. What advancement has phylum Annelida over pylum Cnidaria. Write notes on classes of annelidas and give example of eacg class. Why would you not put shark and tilapia in different classes.
17. Identify the phyla that has the following characteristics; i. Radial symmetry ii] protonephridia iii] acoelomate iv] pseudocoelomate v] cnidolasts vi] net nerve vii] malpighian tubules viii] water vascular system ix] choanocytes x] maasupial. What are the principle distinguishing characteristics of a Chordate?
18. Give the phylum, subphylum and class for each of the following animals i] lamprey eel ii] branchiostoma iii] turtle iv] dogfish shark v] whale vi] frog vii] pelican viii] bat ix] human being x] rat. State the different means of respiration and excretion in phylum Arthropoda

Answer 1

Answer 1:

The Bryophytes are a division of plants that includes all non-vascular, land plants and can be split into three groups: Moses, hornworts and liverworts. Although each group is genetically very diverse, they share certain adaptations which have led them to be classified together under bryophytes.

Bryophytes showed following adaptation to adjust to land habitat:

• A waxy cuticle along with formation of a compact multicellular plant body helped bryophytes from drying out by reducing the cell surface area exposed to dry land conditions.
• Developing special structures like rhizoids which can serve dual purpose of anchorage as well as help in absorption of water.
• Heterogamy - that is formation of two types of gametes, is evolved making non-motile eggs that contain stored food and motile sperms. Further, multicellular embryo is formed inside the female reproductive body during its development.
• Development of photosynthetic tissue into specialized chambers for the absorption of CO2 avoiding exposure to light and loss of water in the process.
• Alternating sporophyte (spore producing generation) and gametophyte (gamete producing generation) gave Bryophytes ability to create best genetic combinations which selected the best adaptation for terrestrial habitat.

Answer 2:

Species is a basic unit of classification, defined as the group of living organisms similar in structure, function and behaviour, produced by similar parents, have common gene pool and can interbreed under natural conditions while being reproductively isolated from other groups of organisms.

Taxonomy is the branch of science which deals with identification, nomenclature and the principles of classification of organisms.
Identification is the process by which an organism is recognized from the other already known organisms and is assigned to a particular taxonomic group.
Nomenclature is defined as naming of organisms according to international scientific rules.
Classification is a process by which any organism is grouped into convenient categories on basis of some easily observable characteristics.

Animal Taxonomy is majorly composed of binomial nomenclature given by Carolus Linnaeus. The rules for binomial nomenclature are as given below:

• According to binomial system the name of any organism consists of two components or words:
  Generic name - name of Genus
  Species name - name of species
• In animal nomenclature tautonyms are valid i.e.. generic name and species name can be the same.
• First letter of Generic name should be in capital letter and in species name the first letter should be small alphabet
• When written with free hand or typed, the generic name and the species name should be separately underlined. During printing the name should be in italics to indicate their latin origin.
• The name od scientist who proposed the nomenclature should be written in short after species name.
• The name of scientist should be written only in simple alphabets.
• Scientific names should be derived from Latin or some times Greek because they are dead languages.

Examples - Rana tigrina, Panthera leo, Homo sapiens