Question

In 4 to 6 paragraphs:

Explain perimenopause, surgical menopause, stress menopause, and post-menopause.

Describe the signs of menopause.

Which other life changes (e.g., physical, psychosocial, and cognitive) may influence a women's experience during menopause?

Which women are at the highest risk for osteoporosis?

Describe the traditional and alternative therapies for the conditions associated with menopause. Suggest appropriate health, nutrition, and exercise guidelines for middle-aged and older adults.

CITE ALL SOURCES USED

Answer 1

#.Perimenopause - occurs after primary reproductive years but before menopause (~45)

- begins about 4 yrs before final menstrual period

- manifestations: irreg periods, hormonal fluctuations (don't measure hormones this time), hot flashes, sleep disturbances, vaginal dryness.

#. Surgical menopause - menopause starts immediately following surgical removal of the uterus and/or ovaries.

#. Postmenopause - is defined as the time after which a woman has experienced twelve (12) consecutive months of amenorrhea (lack of menstruation) without a period.

#. Stress menopause - is defined as the temporary menopause caused by stress .

#. Signs of menopause :-

Classic symptoms:

• Change in menstrual cycle pattern (during perimenopause)

• Vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes & night sweats)

• Vulvovaginal symptoms, dyspareunia

• Sleep disturbances

Other symptoms sometimes associated with menopause:

• Cognitive concerns (memory, concentration)

• Psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, moodiness)

#. Risk factors for OSETEOPOROSIS :-

• positive family history

• White or Asian race

• premature menopause

• amenorrhea

• Thin frame

• steroid use

• smoking

• hyperthyroidism

• caffeine use

• Antiepileptic drugs

#. Tx for menopause :-

1. Correct calcium and vitamin D deficiency

2. weight-bearing exercise

3. alendronate and calcitonin

4. hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

5. selective estrogen receptor modulators(SERMs)