Question

Six people had submitted urine samples to the laboratory. The samples were given at the same time, and the amount of urine was equal in all samples. Your task is to help with the information

below about the different test subjects, analyze what each person's urine sample should show. Background information:

1. One person was completely healthy

2. A person suffered from untreated diabetes

3. One person worked in a factory with hot and dry air

4. One person produced too little antidiuretic hormone

5. A person suffered from a hereditary defect on the nephron's basement membrane (it is too sparse)

6. A person has urinary tract infection

Please read about the function of the kidneys and its parts and how the function is regulated. Describe how much urine the people in question would have, and how one might test its properties. It can be good to also search on the internet.

You must explain in detail and in a nuanced manner the meaning of concepts and models that relate to the kidney structure and function linked to the scenarios set in the question, also highlight specific methods for testing urine properties in all situations and explain why you can use these tests in conjunction with these scenarios. The report should also have a clear structure with a red thread, and that is easy to follow in the text. You use different types of sources and make well-founded and nuanced assessments of the credibility and relevance of the information and sources.

Answer 1

Answer -

1) About the person which is completely healthy :

As the person is healthy then he has the normal structure and function of kidney which is explained below,

•Structure of kidney -

The kidneys are at the rear of the stomach pit, with one sitting on each side of the spine.

The correct kidney is commonly somewhat littler and lower than the left, to make space for the liver.

Every kidney weighs 125–170 grams (g) in guys and 115–155 g in females.

An intense, stringy renal container encompasses every kidney. Past that, two layers of fat fill in as insurance. The adrenal organs lay on the kidneys.

Inside the kidneys are various pyramid-molded projections. Each comprises of an external renal cortex and an inward renal medulla. Nephrons stream between these areas. These are the pee creating structures of the kidneys.

Blood enters the kidneys through the renal corridors and leaves through the renal veins. The kidneys are moderately little organs however get 20–25 percent of the heart's yield.

Every kidney discharges pee through a cylinder considered the ureter that prompts the bladder.

•Function of kidney -

The principle job of the kidneys is looking after homeostasis. This implies they oversee liquid levels, electrolyte balance, and different variables that keep the inside condition of the body predictable and agreeable.

They serve a wide scope of capacities.

a) Waste discharge -

The kidneys expel various waste items and dispose of them in the pee. Two significant aggravates that the kidneys evacuate are:

urea, which results from the breakdown of proteins

uric corrosive from the breakdown of nucleic acids.

b) Reabsorption of supplements -

The kidneys reabsorb supplements from the blood and transport them to where they would best help wellbeing.

They additionally reabsorb different items to help look after homeostasis.

Reabsorbed items include:

glucose

amino acids

bicarbonate

sodium

water

phosphate

chloride, sodium, magnesium, and potassium particles

c) Maintaining pH -

In people, the satisfactory pH level is somewhere in the range of 7.38 and 7.42. Beneath this limit, the body enters a condition of acidemia, or more it, alkalemia.

Outside this range, proteins and catalysts separate and can never again work. In outrageous cases, this can be lethal.

The kidneys and lungs help keep a steady pH inside the human body. The lungs accomplish this by directing the convergence of carbon dioxide.

The kidneys deal with the pH through two procedures:

Reabsorbing and recovering bicarbonate from pee:

Bicarbonate kills acids. The kidneys can either hold it if the pH is mediocre or discharge it if corrosive levels rise.

Discharging hydrogen particles and fixed acids:

Fixed or nonvolatile acids are any acids that don't happen because of carbon dioxide. They result from the fragmented digestion of sugars, fats, and proteins. They incorporate lactic corrosive, sulfuric corrosive, and phosphoric corrosive.

d) Osmolality regulations -

Osmolality is a proportion of the body's electrolyte-water balance, or the proportion among liquid and minerals in the body. Lack of hydration is an essential driver of electrolyte irregularity.

On the off chance that osmolality ascends in the blood plasma, the nerve center in the cerebrum reacts by passing a message to the pituitary organ. This, thus, discharges antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

In light of ADH, the kidney makes various changes, including:

expanding pee focus

expanding water reabsorption

reviving segments of the gathering conduit that water can't regularly enter, permitting water once again into the body

holding urea in the medulla of the kidney as opposed to discharging it, as it attracts water.

e) Controlling pulse and maintaining blood pressure -

The kidneys control pulse when important, yet they are answerable for more slow alterations.

They modify long haul pressure in the corridors by causing changes in the liquid outside of cells. The clinical term for this liquid is extracellular liquid.

These liquid changes happen after the arrival of a vasoconstrictor called angiotensin II. Vasoconstrictors are hormones that cause veins to limit.

They work with different capacities to build the kidneys' assimilation of sodium chloride, or salt. This successfully builds the size of the extracellular liquid compartment and raises pulse.

Anything that adjusts pulse can harm the kidneys after some time, including unreasonable liquor utilization, smoking, and stoutness.

f) Secretion of active compounds -

The kidneys discharge various significant mixes, including:

Erythropoietin:

This controls erythropoiesis, or the creation of red platelets. The liver additionally delivers erythropoietin, however the kidneys are its principle makers in grown-ups.

Renin: This deals with the extension of courses and the volume of blood plasma, lymph, and interstitial liquid. Lymph is a liquid that contains white platelets, which bolster resistant movement, and interstitial liquid is the primary part of extracellular liquid.

Calcitriol: This is the hormonally dynamic metabolite of nutrient D. It increments both the measure of calcium that the digestive organs can assimilate and the reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney.

As the kidney is normal there is no further tests required.

Answer 2) A person suffers from untreated diabetes, the cause would be diabetic nephropathy and if further left untreated it can lead to kidne failure, heart failure , fluid filled lungs and in severe cases may be death.

• Structure and function of kidney is altered in this disease as -

The primary capacity of the kidney is to channel squander items and abundance water from the circulatory system with the goal that they can be discharged as urine. This is done by an arrangement of cylinders and veins known as nephrons. Inside the nephrons are modest veins called vessels and little pee gathering tubes. One of the significant structures in the nephron is a gathering of veins known as the glomerulus, which goes about as a channel.

Having high blood glucose levels can meddle with the capacity of the glomerulus. The sifting capacity of the kidneys doesn't work appropriately and proteins begin to spill from the blood into the urine.

High blood glucose levels can likewise cause scarring of the glomerulus (called glomerulosclerosis). As the scarring deteriorates, the kidneys quit having the option to channel squander items from the blood.

• The following urine test is done in this scenario because -

Test for albumins -

Urine tests are tried for a protein called albumin. The measure of albumins found in the urine shows the measure of harm to your kidneys.

Microalbuminuria (little measures of albumins in the urine) demonstrates that you are in danger of creating diabetic nephropathy or may have beginning time diabetic nephropathy.

Proteinuria, or macroalbuminuria, (bigger measures of albumins in the urine) shows that you have further developed diabetic nephropathy that might be influencing the capacity of your kidneys to channel squanders.

At the point when enough glomeruli have been harmed, kidney disappointment results.

Individuals who have diabetic nephropathy likewise regularly have hypertension. Hypertension can additionally add to kidney harm.

Answer 3) A person working in a factory with hot and dry hair :

A large number of laborers around the globe are presented to high temperatures, extreme physical action, and careless work rehearses that don't take into consideration adequate rehydration breaks. Expressive audit abridges rising proof that extraordinary word related warmth stress joined with incessant lack of hydration may add to the improvement of CKD and eventually kidney disappointment. Rising temperatures, combined with diminishing access to clean drinking water, may intensify the impacts of warmth introduction in both open air and indoor specialists who are presented to ceaseless warmth stress and intermittent drying out.

• Structure and function altered in heat stress of kidney disease -

The kidney has an exceptional job not just in shielding the host from warmth and lack of hydration yet in addition is a significant site of warmth related sickness. Here we audit the potential effect of a dangerous atmospheric devation and warmth limits on kidney illnesses. High temperatures can bring about expanded center temperatures, lack of hydration, and blood hyperosmolality. Heatstroke (both clinical and subclinical entire body hyperthermia) may have a significant job in causing both intense kidney illness, prompting expanded danger of intense kidney injury from rhabdomyolysis, or heat-actuated provocative injury to the kidney. Intermittent warmth and parchedness can bring about interminable kidney sickness (CKD) in creatures and hypothetically assumes a job in plagues of CKD creating in hot areas of the reality where laborers are presented to extraordinary warmth. Warmth stress and parchedness additionally has a job in kidney stone arrangement, and poor hydration propensities may build the hazard for intermittent urinary tract diseases.

• The following urine test is done in this scenario because -

Test for boold present in urine - Dipstick benzidine test - a touchy test for the nearness of blood (as in pee or excrement) in light of the creation of a blue shading upon contact with an answer of benzidine, hydrogen peroxide, and cold acidic acid.This test is done as there is extreme renal harm is available in such cases.

Test for protein - As there is renal harm then proteinuria can be seen. What's more, this test is done to identify the nearness of proteins in urine.

Answer 4) One person produced too little anti-diuretic hormone :

A disorder of salt and water digestion set apart by exceptional thirst and overwhelming urine.

Diabetes insipidus happens when the body can't manage how it handles liquids. The condition is brought about by a hormonal irregularity of hormone ADH.

• structure and function of kidney altered in diabetes insipidus as -

On the off chance that you have diabetes insipidus, your body can't appropriately adjust liquid levels. This can make electrolyte irregularity and influence the filtration arrangement of kidney.

This is the irreversible condition as there is no cure for diabetes insipidus.

• The following urine test is done in this scenario because -

Water deprivation test -

While being observed by a specialist and human services group, you'll be approached to quit drinking liquids for a few hours. To forestall drying out while liquids are limited, ADH permits your kidneys to diminish the measure of liquid lost in the urine.

Answer 5) A person suffered from a hereditary defect on the nephron's basement membrane :

Thin basement membrane disease (TBMD) is an acquired issue that primarily influences the glomeruli, which are minor tufts of vessels (little veins) in the kidneys that channel squanders from the blood. It is an uncommon issue that has been analyzed in under 1 percent of the population.

• Structure and function of kidney altered in TMBD -

principally influences the glomeruli, which are minor tufts of vessels (little veins) in the kidneys that channel squanders from the blood.

• The following urine test is done in this scenario because -

Test for hematuria - to detect the presence of blood in urine, the amount will indicate the severity.

Test for proteinuria - to detect the presence of proteins, the amount will indicate the severity.

Test for creatinine - to detect the glomerular filtration rate, the amount will detect the severity.

Answer 6) A person has urinary tract infection -

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a disease that influences some portion of the urinary tract. At the point when it influences the lower urinary tract it is known as a bladder disease (cystitis) and when it influences the upper urinary tract it is known as a kidney contamination (pyelonephritis).Symptoms from a lower urinary tract disease incorporate torment with pee, visit pee, and wanting to pee notwithstanding having a vacant bladder. Side effects of a kidney disease incorporate fever and flank torment for the most part notwithstanding the indications of a lower UTI. Infrequently the pee may show up bloody.In the old and the extremely youthful, manifestations might be unclear or vague.

• Structure and function altered in urinary tract infections -

Mostly the bladder and the urinary tract are involved in this case . Various contaminations can be seen.

• The following urine test is done in this scenario because -

Urinalysis -

searching for the nearness of urinary nitrites, white platelets (leukocytes), or leukocyte esterase.

Urine microscopy -

searches for the nearness of red platelets, white platelets, or microscopic organisms. Pee culture is considered positive on the off chance that it shows a bacterial province check of more prominent than or equivalent to 103 settlement shaping units for every mL of a normal urinary tract living being. Anti-microbial affectability can likewise be tried with these societies, making them helpful in the determination of anti-microbial treatment. In any case, ladies with negative societies may even now improve with anti-microbial treatment. As side effects can be dubious and without dependable tests for urinary tract contaminations, determination can be troublesome in the old.