a) Briefly explain the concept of market efficiency.

b) The textbook describes the field of Behavioral Finance as the study of “how reasoning errors influence financial decisions.” The textbook also contains a good discussion of how cognitive errors, biases and heuristics lead to irrational decisions by investors. What implications does all this have for stock market efficiency? Discuss.

What are the ultimate principles in the principal-agent framework?

Describe procedures to conduct Board and Shareholder meetings.

The coding must be formatted in Python.

Write a function matrix_power(A, n) that computes the power Aⁿ using Boolean arithmetic and returns the result. You may assume that A is a 2D list containing only 0s and 1s, A is square (same number of rows and columns), and n is an integer ≥ 1. You should call your previously written matrix multiply boolean function. Example: Let R = [ [0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0] ] Then calling matrix power(R, 2) should return [ [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1] ]

You are trying to evaluate the effects of issuing 300 million of new debt and using the proceeds either to pay a dividend or to repurchase shares for Star Inc. Star Inc. currently has 232.44 million shares outstanding and is trading at $56.37 per share. Its current book value of equity is 127.6 million and EBIT is 527 million. Tax rate is 40%. Cost of debt for the new debt is 13%.

a.) Star's book value and market value of equity after debt issuance.

b.) What will be the number of shares outstanding and the new share prices? please show for both the dividend and repurchase scenario.

c.) What will happen to the earnings per share. Please show for both the dividend and repurchase scenario.

42-10. AQUESTION OF ETHICSBetween 1970 and 1981, Sanford Weill served as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Shearson Loeb Rhodes and several of its predecessor entities (collectively “Shearson”). In 1981, Weill sold his controlling interest in Shearson to the American Express Co., and between 1981 and 1985, he served as president of that firm. In 1985, Weill developed an interest in becoming CEO for BankAmerica and secured a commitment from Shearson to invest $1 billion in BankAmerica if he was successful in his negotiations with that firm. In early 1986, Weill met with BankAmerica directors several times, but these contacts were not disclosed publicly until February 20, 1986, when BankAmerica announced that Weill had sought to become its CEO but that BankAmerica was not interested in his offer. The day after the announcement, BankAmerica stock traded at prices higher than the prices at which it had traded during the five weeks preceding the announcement. Weill had discussed his efforts to become CEO of BankAmerica with his wife, who had discussed the information with her psychiatrist, Dr. Willis, prior to BankAmerica’s public announcement of February 20. She had also told Dr. Willis about Shearson’s decision to invest in BankAmerica if Weill succeeded in becoming its CEO. Willis disclosed to his broker this material, confidential information and purchased BankAmerica common stock. After BankAmerica’s public announcement and the subsequent increase in the price of its stock, Willis sold his shares and realized a profit of approximately $27,500. The court held that Willis was liable for insider trading under the misappropriation theory. [United States v. Willis, 737 F.Supp. 269 (S.D.N.Y. 1990)]1. The court stated in its opinion in this case that “[i]t is difficult to imagine a relationship that requires a higher degree of trust and confidence than the traditional relationship of physician and patient.” It then quoted the concluding words of the Hippocratic oath: “Whatsoever things I see or hear concerning the life of men, in my attendance on the sick or even apart therefrom, which ought not be noised abroad, I will keep silence thereon, counting such things to be as sacred secrets.” The court held that Willis had violated his fiduciary duty to Mrs. Weill, his patient, by investing in BankAmerica stock. Do you agree that Willis’s private investments, which were based on information learned through his sessions with Mrs. Weill, constituted a violation of his duty to his patient? After all, Willis had not “noised abroad” Mrs. Weill’s secrets—that is, he had not told others (except for his stockbroker) about the information. If you had been in Willis’s shoes, would you have felt ethically restrained from trading on the information?2. Can you think of any ways in which Willis’s trading could have been harmful to Mrs. Weill’s interests? Does your answer to this question have a bearing on how you answered Question 1?3. Do you think that the misappropriation theory of liability imposes too great a burden on outsiders, such as Willis? Why or why not? How might you justify, from an ethical point of view, the application of the misappropriation theory to “outsider trading”?

8. A decision maker is faced with three decision alternatives and four states of nature shown in the following profit (pay- off) table in terms of Millions.

Payoff table for three Decision alternatives and four states of nature

If the decision maker knows nothing about the probabilities of the four states of nature (s1, s2, s3, and s4) then what would be your decision;   (2+ 2+4 + 4+3=15)

1. Using pessimistic or Conservative approach (2)

Ans.

                What decision?

                Value of decision?

2. Using Optimistic Approach (2)

Ans.

                What decision?

                Value of decision?

3. Minimizing the maximum regret approach (4)

Ans.

                What decision?

                Value of decision?

4. If, for s1, s2, s3, and s4 probability is given as 0.3, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.2 respectively then what would be the best expected pay off under risk? (4)

Ans.

                What decision?

                Value of decision?

5. What would be the expected value of perfect information? (3)

Ans.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of futures compared to forwards?

42-9. Definition of a Security. In 1997, Scott and Sabrina Levine formed Friendly Power Co. (FPC) and Friendly Power Franchise Co. (FPC-Franchise). FPC obtained a license to operate as a utility company in California. FPC granted FPC-Franchise the right to pay commissions to “operators” who converted residential customers to FPC. Each operator paid for a “franchise”—a geographic area, determined by such factors as the number of households and competition from other utilities. In exchange for 50 percent of FPC’s net profits on sales to residential customers in its territory, each franchise was required to maintain a 5 percent market share of power customers in that territory. Franchises were sold to telemarketing firms, which solicited customers. The telemarketers sold interests in each franchise to between fifty and ninety-four A-4 APPENDIX A: ALTERNATE CASE PROBLEMS—CHAPTER 42“partners,” each of whom invested money. FPC began supplying electricity to its customers in May 1998. Less than three months later, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a suit in a federal district court against the Levines and others, alleging that the “franchises” were unregistered securities offered for sale to the public in violation of the Securities Act of 1933. What is the definition of a security? Should the court rule in favor of the SEC? Why or why not? [SEC v. Friendly Power Co., LLC, 49 F.Supp.2d 1363 (S.D.Fla. 1999)]

Maze in C++

Simple Maze Program – Project Specifications:

1. Create a simple maze game that a player must traverse to win.

3. The maze must be text-based and adjustable from 5x5 to 20x20. • Player gets to choose size either as:

1) any size in the range from 5-20 by 5-20. 2) selects from 4 set size options [5x5,10x10,15x15, and 20x20] • the player can choose among different mazes. • You will need to figure out how to denote your location in the maze.

For a 5x5 maze you have 25 actual spots that are valid, if you can get to them. • You will need to figure out a way to know if you can move in a particular direction or not. You cannot move East if there is a wall to your East.

4. The maze must be displayed with a current position of the player after each move. • Display the Text-based Maze to the player - top-down view • Players sees the maze layout (walls and openings), but not what is in each maze area (e.g. Items, locked door, or mobs)

5. The maze must contain Randomized Items for the player to pick up or interact with: • At the start of the game -- Items are randomly placed in the maze • Only story specific items at the starting and ending locations, do not need to be randomized.

Some suggestion for Classes:

1. Maze -- data and functions associated with maintaining and drawing the maze

2. Items -- data and functions associated with each object in the maze

3. Player -- data and functions associated with the player

4. Backpack -- data and functions associated with stuff player picks up in maze

Some suggestion for Functions – mostly if classes not used:

1. Function to display Maze Game Introduction.

2. Function to display Game Help.

3. Function to display the maze for the player.

4. Function to get move direction from player.

5. Function to display information about current location.

6. Function to display information about a specific item.

7. Function to display current inventory

8. Function to display menu or user prompt for next command.

9. Function to display whether the player won or lost

11.The Maze Game Program needs to include:

• A game introduction displayed to the player to welcome them to the game. • Initialize all the game elements.

• Create a Play Again Loop so the player can play again.

• Create an internal Game Loop so that the player can progress through the game one command at a time.

• User Prompts to let the player know how to interact with the game and what commands are valid at this time. This prompt can either be 1 line or a menu display. • A help display on command.

• Quit must be accepted as a command to stop the game at any time. • The maze must be displayed with current position after every command is acted upon.

• You must give the player information/feedback of their current position and what is around them (like items) after each command to let them know their status.

• You must let the player know they won or lost or quit to end the play Game Loop.

• A game farewell message must be given before you end the game.

How does the principle of "like dissolves like" explain the different solubilities of solutes in various solvents?

and

What amount, in grams solute per 100 mlL solvent, classifies a solute eas being "souble" in a particular solvent?

Write a MARIE assembly language program that will read an “array” of positive decimal values stored in memory and output the smallest value. Use variable addr to store the location of the first data item. Use variable length to store the number of items in your array.

Your code should be organized such that adding an additional array item would only involve adding the data line (ie. 021 dec 400) and updating the length variable (ie. length, dec 5). You can assume there will be at least one data value.

Use comments throughout your program. Save your program as h9part1.mas and upload to our course web site.

/sample data, note: addresses will vary depending on your implementation

015 addr, hex 017

016 length, dec 4

017 dec 100

018 dec 200

019 dec 50

020 dec 300

42–3. Insider Trading.

Scott Ginsburg was chief executive officer (CEO) of Evergreen Media

Corp., which owned and operated radio stations. In 1996, Evergreen became interested in

acquiring EZ Communications, Inc., which also owned radio stations. To initiate negotiations,

Ginsburg met with EZ’s CEO, Alan Box, on Friday, July 12. Two days later, Scott phoned his

brother Mark, who, on Monday, bought 3,800 shares of EZ stock. Mark discussed the deal with

their father Jordan, who bought 20,000 EZ shares on Thursday. On July 25, the day before the

EZ bid was due, Scott phoned his parents’ home, and Mark bought another 3,200 EZ shares.

The same routine was followed over the next few days, with Scott periodically phoning Mark or

Jordan, both of whom continued to buy EZ shares. Evergreen’s bid was refused, but on August

5, EZ announced its merger with another company. The price of EZ stock rose 30 percent,

increasing the value of Mark and Jordan’s shares by $664,024 and $412,875, respectively. The

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a civil suit in a federal district court against

Scott. What was the most likely allegation? What is required to impose sanctions for this

offense? Should the court hold Scott liable? Why or why not? [

SEC v. Ginsburg,

362 F.3d 1292

(11th Cir. 2004)]

1.152 g of N-2-acetamido-2-aminoethane-sulfonic acid potassium salt (ACES–K , MW = 220.29 g/mol) is dissolved in 87.80 mL of water. 10.56 mL of HCl is added to the solution, resulting in a pH of 7.45. Calculate the concentration of the HCl solution. The pKa of ACES is 6.85.