1a) Explain why we reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than the level of significance?

b) Explain to someone unfamiliar with statistics how to tell whether a statistical test is left, right, or two tailed. Explain what to look for in the wording of a hypothesis test and with the alternate hypothesis.

c) Why can we never truly accept the null hypothesis?

Question 4:

The times that a cashier spends processing each person’s transaction are independent and identically distributed random variables with a mean of µ and a variance of σ² . Thus, if X_i is the processing time for each transaction, E(X _i) = µ and Var(X_i) = σ² .

Let Y be the total processing time for 100 orders: Y = X₁ + X₂ + · · · + X₁₀₀

(a) What is the approximate probability distribution of Y , the total processing time of 100 orders? Hint: Y = 100X, where X = 1 100 P100 i=1 Xi is the sample mean.

(b) Suppose for Z ∼ N(0, 1), a standard normal random variable:

P(a < Z < b) = 100(1 − α)%

Using your distribution from part (a), show that an approximate 100(1 − α)% confidence interval for the unknown population mean µ is:

(Y − 10bσ)/100 < µ < (Y − 10aσ)/100

(c) Now suppose that the population mean processing time is known to be µ = 1.5 minutes, and the population standard deviation processing time is known to be σ = 1 minute. What is the probability that it takes less than 120 minutes to process the 100 orders? If you use R, please provide the commands used to determine the probability. Could you show all steps in the hand written working for this question please.

6. Digital streaming has shifted some of the focus from traditional TV commercials to online advertisements.
The Harris poll reported in 2012 that 53% of 2,343 American adults surveyed said they watched digitally
streamed content. Calculate and interpret a 99% score CI for the proportion of all adult Americans
who watched digitally streamed content.

A husband and wife, Ed and Rina, share a digital music player that has a feature that randomly selects which song to play. A total of 3476 songs have been loaded into the player, some by Ed and the rest by Rina. They are interested in determining whether they have each loaded different proportions of songs into the player. Suppose that when the player was in the random-selection mode, 38 of the first 58 songs selected were songs loaded by Rina. Let p denote the proportion of songs that were loaded by Rina.

(a) State the null and alternative hypotheses to be tested. How strong is the evidence that Ed and Rina have each loaded a different proportion of songs into the player? Make sure to check the conditions for the use of this test. (Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to three decimal places. Assume a 95% confidence level.)

z = 2.36

P-value = 0.018

Conclusion: There is strong evidence that the proportion of songs downloaded by Ed and Rina differs from 0.5.

(b) Are the conditions for the use of the large sample confidence interval met? Yes, the conditions are met.

If so, estimate with 95% confidence the proportion of songs that were loaded by Rina. Round your answers to 3 decimal places. _____ to ________

A survey of 1935 people who took trips revealed that 181 of them included a visit to a theme park. Based on those survey results, a management consultant claims that less than 10 % of trips include a theme park visit. Test this claim using the ?=0.01 significance level.

(a) The test statistic is

(b) The P-value is

(c) The conclusion is  

A. There is not sufficient evidence to support the claim that less than 10 % of trips include a theme park visit.
B. There is sufficient evidence to support the claim that less than 10 % of trips include a theme park visit.

A random sample of ? measurements was selected from a population with standard deviation σ=11.7 and unknown mean μ. Calculate a 90 % confidence interval for μ for each of the following situations:

(a) ?=40, ?=72.1
≤. μ ≤

(b)  ?=60, ?=72.1
μ ≤

(c)  ?=85, ?=72.1
≤. μ. ≤

Construct an 80​% confidence interval to estimate the population mean when x overbar=131 and s​ = 28 for the sample sizes below. ​

a) n=20

​b) n=50 ​

c) n=80

Tom Marley and Jennifer Griggs have recently started a marketing research firm in Jacksonville, Florida. They have contacted the Florida Democratic Party with a proposal to do all political polling for the party. Since they have just started their company, the state party chairman is reluctant to sign a contract without some test of their accuracy. He has asked them to do a trial poll in a central Florida county known to have 60% registered Democratic Party voters. The poll itself had many questions. However, for the test of accuracy, only the proportion of registered Democrats was considered. Tom and Jennifer report back that from a random sample of 1000 respondents, 520 were registered Democrats.

1. Determine the probability that such a random sample would result in 520 or fewer Democrats in the sample.

2. Based on your calculations in part a, would you recommend that the Florida Democratic Party (or anyone else for that matter) contract with the Marley/Griggs marketing research firm? Explain your answer.

Hemoglobin (g/100mL) was measured twice in 20 pregnant women. A first measurement was taken at 1-3 weeks prepartum whereas the second measurement was taken at 2-6 days postpartum (the data is provided below).

Part A. What is the absolute value of the t-test statistic for testing whether there is any change in mean hemoglobin levels between prepartum and postpartum women?

Part B. What is the degrees of freedom for this particular test in Part A?

a. 20

b. 38

c. 19

d. 25.6

Part C. What would you conclude from the corresponding t-test?

a. Mean hemoglobin decreases from prepartum to postpartum stages in women (P=0.02)

b. Mean hemoglobin decreases from prepartum to postpartum stages in women (P=0.04)

c. There is no evidence of a mean difference between prepartum and postpartum stages (P>0.05)

Part D. Suppose a hospital will not pursue any intervention measures if they believe that the true change in hemoglobin levels between prepartum and postpartum stages falls within +/- 2g/100mL; in other words, they feel the two stages are effectively equivalent for mean hemoglobin levels if the true mean difference falls within +/- 2g/100mL. Does this dataset provide proof of equivalence using a = 0.05?  

a. Yes based on a confidence interval of [0.18,186]

b. Yes based on a confidence interval of [0.20,1.84]

c. No based on a confidence interval of [0.32,1.72]

d. No based on a confidence interval of [0.03,2.01]

e. Yes based on a confidence interval of [0.32,1.72]

Data:

	woman	hemopre	hemopost
	1	13.63	12.53
2	2	15.17	12.77
3	3	13.1	13.8
4	4	13.82	12.22
5	5	12.31	11.51
6	6	13.09	13.49
7	7	12.62	9.82
8	8	11.29	7.49
9	9	13.45	8.85
10	10	12.8	15.2
11	11	13.15	10.05
12	12	13.74	14.04
13	13	12.48	13.38
14	14	13.23	13.13
15	15	12.85	11.45
16	16	13.31	12.71
17	17	13.31	11.21
18	18	14.96	13.96
19	19	13.21	14.81
20	20	13.35	12.05

Please state which of the following apply to questions

6. Pr(r = 6 | n = 22, p = 48%)

Binomial

Poisson

Hypergeometric

None of the above

7. Pr(r = 6 | n = 13, p = 52%)

Binomial

Poisson

Hypergeometric

None of the above

8. N = 47

Binomial

Poisson

Hypergeometric

None of the above

9. The probability of flying from New York to Paris in under 7 hours, 10 minutes

Binomial

Poisson

Hypergeometric

None of the above

10. n = 100, p = 4.2%

Binomial

Poisson

Hypergeometric

None of the above

7. A data set includes 108 body temperatures of healthy adult humans having a mean of 98.3 F° and a standard deviation of 0.69 F°. Construct a 99​% confidence interval estimate of the mean body temperature of all healthy humans. What does the sample suggest about the use of 98.6 F° as the mean body​ temperature?

What is the confidence interval estimate of the population mean µ​?

____F°<µ<____ F°

​(Round to three decimal places as​ needed.)

What does this suggest about the use of 98.6 F° as the mean body​ temperature?

A.This suggests that the mean body temperature could be lower than 98.6 F°.

B.This suggests that the mean body temperature could be higher than 98.6 F°

C.This suggests that the mean body temperature could very possibly be 98.6 F°.

8. An IQ test is designed so that the mean is 100 and the standard deviation is 14 for the population of normal adults. Find the sample size necessary to estimate the mean IQ score of statistics students such that it can be said with 95​% confidence that the sample mean is within 7 IQ points of the true mean. Assume that σ= 14 and determine the required sample size using technology. Then determine if this is a reasonable sample size for a real world calculation.

The required sample size is

nothing. ​(Round up to the nearest​ integer.)

Would it be reasonable to sample this number of​ students?

Yes. This number of IQ test scores is a fairly small number.

Yes. This number of IQ test scores is a fairly large number.

No. This number of IQ test scores is a fairly large number.

No. This number of IQ test scores is a fairly small number

Use the ”test.vs.grade” data and test the null hypothesis that the mean test score for the population is 70 against the alternative that it is greater than 70. Find a p-value and state your conclusion if α = 0.05. Repeat for the null hypothesis µ = 75.

https://www.math.uh.edu/~charles/data/test.vs.grade.csv

A person’s educational attainment and age group was collected by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1984 to see if age group and educational attainment are related. The counts in thousands are in Table 3 ("Education by age," 2013). Do the data show that educational attainment and age are independent? Why or Why not? Test at the 5% level.

Education	25-34	35-44	45-54	55-64	>64	Row Total
Did not complete HS	5416	5030	5777	7606	13746	37575
Completed HS	16431	1855	9435	8795	7558	44074
College 1-3 years	8555	5576	3124	2524	2503	22282
College 4 or more years	9771	7596	3904	3109	2483	26863
Column Total	40173	20057	22240	22034	26290	13079

1.Are men smarter than women at Private Universities in the United States? A study was conducted, randomly selecting 400 men, and 400 women from different Private Universities across the US, and asking for their GPAs. What is the population of this study?

All students enrolled at Private Universities in the world

All students enrolled at Universities in the US

Female students enrolled at Private Universities in the US

All students enrolled at Private Universities in the US

unanswered

2.Match each of the example experiments to the type of experimental design

A study was conducted to determine if rats gain weight after experiencing different levels of exercise. Researchers used 25 rats, for four different levels of exercise, plus a control group. Rats were randomly assigned to each group until there were five rats per group.

Some people try to counteract the presence of alcohol with caffeine in regards to reaction time. To test this, reaction times were measured when subjects were exposed to one of the two levels of alcohol (no alcohol, or yes alcohol), and one of the three different levels of caffeine ( 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg).  

It is thought that different levels of mercury exposure can decrease activeness in mice. Since some mice might not be as active due to their genetics, the litter from which the mice came from was used in the study as well. Each mouse was exposed to a level of mercury independently and at random.     

Select an option A. Factorial Design B. Completely Randomized Design c.Completely Randomized Block Design   

3.Which type of bait catches the largest fish? A study was conducted using 3 different baits (worms, corn, and plastic lures), and the average weight of the fish caught was measured. How many treatments are there?

4.Whcih of the following are true about sample statistics? (Choose all that apply)

Are always known

Are never known

Are usually represented by Greek letters

Are calculated from an entire population

Are calculated from a portion of the population

Mr. Jones’ ninth grade class is studying the influence of temperature on respiration rate in goldfish. Each of his 24 students has a single goldfish isolated in a goldfish bowl half full of de-chlorinated tap water at 15°C. Each student is allowed to add a random amount of either chilled tap water (5°C) or warmed tap water (30°C) very slowly for 5 minutes to gently adjust the temperature of the water in the bowl. The goldfish are allowed an additional 5 minutes of acclimation time after the temperature in the bowl has equilibrated. Then each student records the temperature of the water to the nearest 0.1°C using a digital thermometer and the goldfish respiration rate (the number of times the operculum or gill cover opens) during a 60 second period. The class hypothesis (H₁) is that respiration rate (cycles / min) will increase with increasing temperature (°C).

The independent variable is temperature and is continuous. The dependent variable is respiration rate and is continuous. The observations are paired in the sense that each temperature has only one respiration rate. However, there is a clear expectation from the class hypothesis that the independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable.

Student	Temperature (C)	Respiration rate (cycles/min)
1	15.0	20
2	13.5	18
3	17.9	25
4	24.3	36
5	18.2	28
6	12.4	17
7	11.9	16
8	14.3	19
9	16.5	23
10	13.2	18
11	15.9	21
12	21.3	32
13	22.7	34
14	12.2	16
15	10.9	15
16	25.2	40
17	6.3	11
18	9.3	14
19	15.1	20
20	13.4	18
21	5.1	10
22	8.3	12
23	9.2	13
24	11.4	15

1. Which of the following is the test statistic (observed) for this experiment?

A. SE= -1.564

B. F= 600.36

C. df=22

D. intercept= -1.114

2. Using the relationship you measured between temperature and respiration rate, calculate the expected temperature where respiration rate would equal 0

A. 0.739

B. 1.5072

C. 24

D. 1.84 x 10^-17