Question

You are walking in the forest…

What information is being detected by you/your body?

Propose two external and two internal examples. How is the information being detected? I'm looking for detail here...

Stimulus, detector, transduction mechanism...

What physiological systems are involved –  and can you describe the system using the following hierarchy (with examples)?

1. System
2. Organ/s
3. Tissue/s
4. Cells/s

Answer 1

Answer:

• In the middle of forest, the sound of twig snap can elicit fight of flight response from the body.
• There can be multiple reasons for twig snap, an animals on tree or a a tree branch is falling on you, whatever may be its a potent dangerous condition.
• Hence body must decide whether to fight or flight.

System:

• The first response comes from the nervous system - systemic nervous system, amygdala.
• It activates hypothalamus gland to further activate SAM and SNS pathway of endocrine system.
• Now, adrenal medulla a part of adrenal gland located above kidney is activated. Adrenal glands released hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood stream.
• These hormones are taken up by the organ Liver, where the hormones trigger glycogen breakdown and release of glucose into blood.

Organs:

• Lungs, : increased breathing, increased oxygen intake
• Heart, :increased blood pumping, rapid breathing,
• Kidney: Decreaeed urine output, increased water retention
• Liver: conversion of glycogen into glucose
• Brain: releasing hormones and activating nervous system

Tissue:

• Skin: increased sweating, skin pale.
• blood: vasodilation, increased blood flow to lower extremities.
• pupil of eyes: size of pupils increased to intake more light
• spinal cord: increased impulses to motor cells and muscles
• muscle: increased blood flow or decreased depending on hormone response.

Cells:

• liver cells: increased glycogen breakdown
• Hypothalamus and pituitary gland cells: releasing hormones into blood stream
• sweat glands: increased sweat production

Overall physiological effects would be increase in  heart rate, increased breathing rate, sweating, dilated pupils...etc.

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