Question

Part II: Cellular Network

The cell is a package of macromolecules that travel around and allow for life through organelles to convey information and ultimately produce a result. For each macromolecule describe the pathway from Initial synthesis to degradation via the organelles that you learned in class. (15 pts/macromolecule)

Using the fake macromolecule JVP as an example your answer should be as follows for each of the real macromolecules. Assume all macromolecules are modified in some way and reaches a “target” at some point.

1. JVP is synthesized in the cytoplasm
2. JVP is sorted by the centrioles
3. JVP is modified in the nucleus
4. JVP goes to target.
5. JVP is sent back to cytoplasm and degraded recycled.

Part III: Long Division

1. Describe each step of the cell cycle in your own words. (10 pts)

2. What happens in a cell that leads to cancer as compared to a normal cell? (5 pts)

Answer 1

1) a living cell contain four major classes of macromolecules. proteins,lipids, nucleic acid and polysaccharides are the three major macromolecules in a cell.

proteins

proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles. in Golgi apparatus, the protein is sorted. in endoplasmic Reticulum further modification happen and the proteins are targeted to the inner space of an organelle. most Proteins are degraded by 26S proteases. it is happen in nucleus and cytosol.

Nucleic acid

they are synthesized in the liver . by the methylation of the nucleobases, further modification happen and the Nuclei acids are targeted to the different body organelles. most nucleic acids are degraded in the liver.

polysaccharides

they are synthesized in the liver and muscles and by glycogenesis. in Golgi apparatus, the polysaccharide is sorted. the further modification happen and the polysaccharides  are targeted to the tissues as energy molecules and Release needed. they re degraded in stroma of the chloroplast in the plant cell.

2) there are four phases. in prophase, chromosome condense and become visible. in metaphase , at metaphase plate chromosomes are lined up. in anaphase centromere split into two. in telophase chromosome arrive at two pole sand start to decondense. in cytokinesis chevage furrow forms and start to divide. G1, D AND G2 are preparatory phases. here dna becoming ready to divide and cellular change emerge.

3) mutation the cell is resulting the unchecked cell growth. mutation is causing cancer by accelerating the speed od cell Division. this inhibit the normal control of the system. the hexokinase 1 , 2 and 3 shows high affinity to bind with the glucose and resulting in the cell Division rapidly. checkpoints of the mitosis is ignored and overridden.