Question

1. Describe the chemical properties of water that are important for supporting life.

2. Justify whether osmosis is critical to plants maintaining homeostasis.

3. Analyze the conditions in which asexual reproduction can occur.

4. Describe how genes are passed in organisms from one generation to another.

5. Compare and contrast the processes of transcription and translation.

6. Assess if mutation aides genetic variation. Provide examples of benefits or consequences that will support your claim.

7. Compare and contrast the pros and cons of genetic engineering.

8. Evaluate the impact of genetic technology on biological sciences.

Answer 1

1. ANS.) a. the chemical formula of water is h₂o, that means 2 hydrogen and one oxygen. each water molecule is held together by hydrogen making it cohesive. This property of water makes it 'sticky' and allow water to bind to other nutrients or substance and move from one part of body to snother.tht is it helps in transportation of substance in body.    

b. it has a lot of surface tension making it the property to give a covering around the surface.

c.temperature moderation- when we heat water temperature rises and breaks the hydrogen bond. as aresult water undergoes same amount of thermal energy with lesser temperature changes. conversely when we cool water it forms hydrogen bonds and it releases thermal energy in the form of heat so there is less drop in temperature. this is the reason that coastal areas has moderate temperature in hot and cold climate

d. as water condenses its molecule can be closely to one another giving its solid state lesser density than the liquid state. this is the reason ice floats in water. this is the reason that in ponds and lakes fauna nad flora persist in underlying water as only the upper layer remains frozen.

e.water has the ability to dissolve othe substance and form aqueous solution.

f. it can act as acid, base or buffer.

2. ans) osmosis is the net movement of water or solvent through a semi permeable membrane to region of lower solvent concentration. transport of materials across these membrane is essential in plants. water i and osmosis process plays critical role in it. water is absorbed by roots. it moves from roots to stem and leaves due to difference in solute concentration. this hels in maintaing the turgidity required for plant to pevent wilting. it also transport nutrients absorbed along with water transported to stems and leaves

3. ans) Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which organisms is produced from a single parent. it is hypothesised that asexual condition is seen when a large population is required in a small interval of time. it is mostly seen in prokayote and rarely in eukaryotes. another reason is it is rapid and requires less energy.

4.ans) Heridity is pasing of genes from one generation to another either by asexual or sexual reproduction.

Asexual- it doesnot involve fusion of gamete and formation of new trait. mother's gene passes through the offsprings. tit involves only mitosis of cells.

sexual reproduction- it involves fusion of gamete and formation of fertilied ovum. it involves both meiosis and mitosis.

Transcription	translation
1.formation of both rna and dna	1. formation of polypeptides from ribosomes
2.the tempelate is antisense strand of dna	2. the tempelate is rna
3. it occurs in both cytoplasm and nucleus	3. it occurs in cytoplasm
4. product- atp, gtp, ctp and utp	4. product mostly 20 aminoacids
5. it forms rna, trna, mrna	5.Rna's take part in translation
6.Rna requires rna polymerase and transcription	6. Rna requires initiation elongation and translocase factors

  6.ans) it is process of change in the sequence of genetic code. it occurs in 1:1000000, but is heritable. mostly its corelated to something undesirable or broken. But mutation provides alleles. these slight variation makes every individuals unique. Mutation aides in genetic variation and it is its ultimate source. it drives evolution and adaptation.

for example, lets take the example of normal blood cells. mutation in genes producing red blood cells can lead to formation of HbS or sickle cell disease. but in some tropicals, it acts as a boon to prevent tropical diseases like malaria.

7. ans) pros-

• with genetic engineering most of the disease can be easily prevented
• infectious diseases can be treated
• most desirable traits can be pin pointed and integrated into other dna
• it inceases the chances of genetic diversity

      cons-

• irreversible and can be associated with undesirable consequences
• ethical issues
• tricky and risky and require alot of skills , information and time

8.ans) following impact are seen on biological science

• MEDICINE- new drugs, gene therapy, labrotary research
• RESEARCH- for formation of genetically modified organism, tracking experiments, gain and loss o function experiments
• INDUSTRIAL- biorectors, bioming, bioremidiation
• AGRICULTURE- new pesticides, new genetically modified crops, fishes and food. modified plants like ormantel plants.