When chlorine is used for disinfection of drinking water, chloroform can be produced by the reaction...

When chlorine is used for disinfection of drinking water, chloroform can be produced by the reaction of chlorine with residual organics in the water. For chloroform, RfD_oral = 0.01 mg/kg/d and SF_oral = 0.0061 1/(mg/kg/d).

Estimate the ingestion intake rate for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects on an adult resident of a home receiving tap water with an average chloroform concentration of 65 mg/L.
Calculate the potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks associated with this ingestion rate.
Are the risks presented considered acceptable by the EPA?

Solutions

Expert Solution

Ally Wells answered 1 year ago

Next > < Previous

Related Solutions

When Chlorine gas is used to disinfect drinking water, it hydrolyzes with the water to form...

When Chlorine gas is used to disinfect drinking water, it hydrolyzes with the water to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl, pKa = 7.54), which is a powerful disinfectant. However, when the acid dissociates to its conjugate base, it becomes a less effective disinfectant. The disinfection power of the acid is 88 times better than its conjugate base, OCl-, on a per-mole basis. Calculate the mass of hypochlorous acid you would need to add to 1 liter of water at pH =...

A CMFR will be used to reduce the concentration of chloroform(CHCl3) in water. Chloroform is a...

A CMFR will be used to reduce the concentration of chloroform(CHCl3) in water. Chloroform is a disinfection by-product that is formed when chlorine is used to disinfect water; it is a concern because it can cause cancer.The influent water contains 60 ppb chloroform and the Wisconsin State standard is 6 ppb. Chloroform decays in the reactor at a rate of 0.2 hr-1 and the water flow rate is 100 L/day. Treating the water to meet the Wisconsin standard will reduce...

Define disinfection process, write the equations for the dissolution (hydrolysis) of chlorine gas in water and...

Define disinfection process, write the equations for the dissolution (hydrolysis) of chlorine gas in water and the subsequent dissociation (ionization) of hypochlorous acid. Draw breakpoint chlorine dosage curve, and provide explanation to each zone

During disinfection at large water treatment plants, operators add chlorine gas to water to make hypochlorous...

During disinfection at large water treatment plants, operators add chlorine gas to water to make hypochlorous acid (HOCl is weak acid with pKa = 7.54). In backyard swimming pools, homeowners accomplish disinfection by adding sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Predict the qualitative change in pH (up or down) due to (a) adding HOCl to water and (b) adding NaOCl to water. Explain your reasoning based on LeChatelier’s Principle.

Evidence is fairly strong that chlorine, used for wastewater disinfection, combines with organic material in wastewater...

Evidence is fairly strong that chlorine, used for wastewater disinfection, combines with organic material in wastewater to form trihalomethane and other disinfection byproducts that are suspected human carcinogens. Despite this health risk, chlorine remains the predominant disinfection method. Explain why.

Chlorine gas (Cl2) can be produced by reaction of hydrochloride acid with manganese oxide. What is...

Chlorine gas (Cl2) can be produced by reaction of hydrochloride acid with manganese oxide. What is the volume of chlorine gas is produced by adding 1 g of MnO2 to one litre of 1 M HCl? MnO2 + 4HCl -> MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O How much chlorine gas is produced when instead of 1 g MnO2 this time 50 g MnO2 is added?

The following mechanism has been proposed for the gas-phase reaction of chloroform (CHCl3) and chlorine: 1)...

The following mechanism has been proposed for the gas-phase reaction of chloroform (CHCl3) and chlorine: 1) Cl2 ⇔ 2 Cl (fast, reversible) 2) Cl + CHCl3 → HCl + CCl3 (slow) 3) Cl + CCl3 → CCl4 (fast) What rate law does this mechanism predict? Choose from the list below and enter the letters for all the terms needed in the rate law. (So for a rate law of k[Cl2] enter AC, and for a rate law of k[Cl2][CHCl3] enter...

What historical events led to the discovery of water-borne pathogens? (b) What municipal drinking water disinfection...

What historical events led to the discovery of water-borne pathogens? (b) What municipal drinking water disinfection method led to significant reductions in water-borne pathogenic diseases in cities? (c) What is the main disadvantage of the disinfection method listed in part (b)?

Chlorine is produced industailly by the electrolysis of brine. The reaction is described by the equation...

Chlorine is produced industailly by the electrolysis of brine. The reaction is described by the equation 2NaCl (aq) + 2H20 (l) ---------------> 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (electrolysis) How many kilograms of each product can be obtained from the electrolysis of salt that is 95% sodium chloride by mass?

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - When Cl2 gas is added to water for disinfection, it hydrolyzes with water...

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - When Cl2 gas is added to water for disinfection, it hydrolyzes with water to form HOCl. The combined concentrations of HOCl and OCl- is called “free chlorine” and the pKa for HOCl is 7.5. What percentage of the total disinfection power (measured as CT OCl- ) exists in the acid form at pH = 6? At pH = 7? Which form is a stronger disinfectant?

Subjects