Question

Discuss how the protein structures are affected by di-sulfide bridge, hydrogen bonding, dispersion forces (hydrophobic interactions), and salt bridge.

Differentiate between the four types of protein structure and say what each is responsible for.

Comment on three peacetime uses of nuclear energy.

Rank the penetrating power of nuclear radiation from the least to most penetrating and describe the nature of the material needed to block each radiation

Answer 1

1) di-sulfide bridge function to stabilize thetertiary and quaternarystructures of proteins.i.e., stabilizing the folding of a single polypeptide chain.

2) Hydrogen bonding provides most of the directional interactions that underoin protein foldings, protein structure. This satisfies the hydrogen bonding potential between the main chain carbonyl oxygen and amide nitrogen buried in the hydrophobic core of the protein.

3) Dispersion forces contribute to interactions of proteins with other molecules or with surfaces , but because of the structural complexity of protein molecules, the magnitude of these affects is usually estimated based on idealised models of the molecular geometry. example., spheres.

4)Salt bridges in the proteins are bonds between the oppositely charged residues that are sufficientlyclose to each other to experience electrostatic attraction. As a consequence, salt bridges may be destabilize the structures of the folded protein.

THE FOUR TYPES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE TYPES

a) Primary structures​​​​

These structures describes the unique oeder in which amino acids are linked together to form a protein.Proteins are consrtructed from a set of 20 amino acids.It is responsible for, its mechanism of action, and its relationship to other proteins with similar physiological roles.

b) Secondary structures

These structures refers to the coiling or folding of a polypeptide chain that gives the protein its 3-D shape.it causes the molecule to either bend and fold (beta pleated sheet) or spiral around (helicase).

c)Tertiary structures

these structures refers to the comprehensive 3-D structures of the polypeptide chain of a protein.These are several types of bonds and forces that holds a protein in its tertiary structures.

d) Quaternary structure

These are refers to the structers of a protein macromolecules formed by interactions between the multiple polypeptides chains. It is responsible for change the shape of subunits.

THE PEACETIME USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

a) FOOD SECURITY : Nuclear technology enhances agricultural productivity. Nuclear science also helps detect animal deseases in Africa and reduces the threat of fruit flies in Latin America.

b)HUMAN HEALTH: The IAEA helps nations use nuclear technology to diagnose and treat cancer and other deseases. Nucleartools aid early detection of Ebola in Africa.

c)ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: Nuclear technology helps scientists understand and address environmental issues like climate change. It can also help trace pollution in marine water and combat ocean acidification.

RANKING OF THE PENETRATING POWER OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONS

Alpha radiations < Beta radiations < Gamma radiations

Alpha radiations can be blocked by a thin piece of paper, or even the dead cells in the outer layer of human skinprovides adequate shieldings because alpha particles can`t penetrate it.

Beta particles can be blocked by low atomic weight materials ,such as plastic , woods, water, etc..

Gamma particles are most penetrating radiations, so they requirs several inches of Lead, concrete or steels to be blocked.