Question

1) What characteristics of a compound lead to solubility in water? Name as many as you can and explain them.
2) What characteristics of a compound lead to insolubility in water? Name as many as you can and explain them.
3) Are ionic compounds (anions or carboxylic acids or ammonium salts of amines) more or less soluble in water that the corresponding neutral compound? Explain.
4) Some of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry are alkane (actually a lack of other functional groups), alcohol, phenol, ether, amine, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, and amide. Draw a simple example of each of these and show how it hydrogen bonds with water. If it can't hydrogen bond, so state.
5) Which of the functional groups listed in Question 4 is an acid in water (i.e., would be more soluble in base)? Which of them can be a base (i.e., would be more soluble in acid)?

Answer 1

1. Solubility is a characterestic property of specific solute disolves in a solvent. The solubility of a solute in water (solvent) is depends on how strong of its non covalent interactions with water molecule .Polar componds like metal salts, charged smal hydrocarbons are soluble in water. Furthermore if a compound has a property to form hydrogen bond with water it can soluble in water, the best example of this category is alcohols.

2. Non polar compounds are insoluble in water. alkanes, alkenys, alkynes are not soluble in water because they are highly non polar. Eventhough there is a water and alcohol hydrogen bond present, long chain alcohos are not soluble in water becaue it has a long chin hydrophobic part.

3. As said above solubilty in water depends on strength of non covalent interactions. Ions, carboxylic acids and salts are ionized in water ( they are very polar) but in case of non polar compounds there is no strong non covalent interactions.

4. Among all of them Alcohols and carboxylic acods have property of forming hydrogen bond.

5. Acids in water : Carboxylic acid,

Base in water : Amines