Prepare balance sheets for end of each semester.

Edwina Haskell was an accomplished high school student who looked forward to attending Southern New England University (SNEU). SNEU was unique in that it operated on a trimester basis, its policy was to actively foster independent development among the students. Edwina’s mother and father each own their own small businesses. Soon after freshman orientation at SNEU, Edwina recognized a need among the students that could be the basis for developing a small business. Freshman students could not bring their cars on the campus. In effect, they were confined to the dorm; if they wished to travel, they had to take school-provided buses that operated on a fixed schedule. Further, the university’s cafeteria closed at eight in the evening. Students who wanted to have some food or snacks after 8:00 p.m. had to call local restaurants that delivered. The few restaurants in the neighborhood around SNEU that had delivery services often were late in their deliveries, and hot food, such as pizza, was frequently delivered cold.

Edwina felt that there was a niche market on the campus. She believed that students would be interested in ordering sandwiches, snacks, and sodas from a fellow student provided that the food could be delivered in a timely fashion. After talking with several students in her dorm complex, she believed that offering a package of a sandwich, a soda, and a small snack, such as potato chips, for $5 and a guaranteed delivery of 15 minutes or less would be a winner. Because her dorm complex consisted of four large adjoining buildings that house nearly 1,600 students, she felt that there would be sufficient demand to make the concept profitable. She talked about this concept with her roommates and with her parents. Her roommates were willing to help prepare the sandwiches and deliver them. She planned on paying each of them $250 per trimester for taking orders, making sandwiches, and delivering them. All three roommates, whom she knew from high school, were willing to be paid at the end of the trimester.

Edwina recognized that for this business plan to work, she would have to have a sufficient inventory of cold cuts, lettuce, tomatoes, soda, chips, and condiments to be able to meet student demands. The small refrigerators in the dorm rooms would not be sufficient. After talking to her parents, they were willing to help her set up her business. They would lend her $1,000 to buy a larger refrigerator to place in her dorm room. She did not have to repay this loan until she graduated in four years, but her parents wanted her to appreciate the challenges of operating a small business. They set up several conditions. First, although she did not have to pay back the $1,000 for the refrigerator for four years, she had to pay interest on this “loan.” She had to repay 3 percent of this loan each trimester. Further, they reminded her that although she could pay her friends at the end of the semester, she would need funds to buy the cold cuts, bread, rolls, soda, snacks, condiments, and supplies such as foil to wrap the sandwiches, plus plates and paper bags. Although Edwina was putting $500 of her own money into her business, her parents felt that she might need an infusion of cash during the first year (i.e., the first three trimesters). They were willing to operate as her bank—lending her money, if needed, during the trimesters. However, she had to pay the loan(s) back by the end of the year. They also agreed that the loan(s) would be at a rate of 2 percent per trimester.

Within the first three weeks of her first trimester at SNEU, Edwina purchased the $1,000 refrigerator with the money provided by her parents and installed it in her dorm. She also went out and purchased $180 worth of supplies consisting of paper bags; paper plates; and plastic knives, spoons, and forks. She paid for these supplies out of her original $500 personal investment. She and her roommates would go out once or twice a week, using the SNEU bus system to buy what they thought would be the required amount of cold cuts, bread, rolls, and condiments. The first few weeks’ worth of supplies were purchased out of the remainder of the $500. Students paid in cash for the sandwiches. After the first two weeks, Edwina would pay for the food supplies out of the cash from sales.

In the first trimester, Edwina and her roommates sold 640 sandwich packages, generating revenue of $3,200. During this first trimester, she purchased $1,710 worth of food supplies. She used $1,660 to make the 640 sandwich packages. Fortunately, the $50 of supplies were condiments and therefore would last during the two-week break between the trimesters. Only $80 worth of the paper products were used for the 640 sandwich packages. Edwina spent $75 putting up posters and flyers around the campus promoting her new business. She anticipated that the tax rate would be approximately 35 percent of her earnings before taxes. She estimated this number at the end of the first trimester and put that money away so as to be able to pay her tax bill.

During the two weeks off between the first and second trimester, Edwina and her roommates talked about how they could improve business operations. Several students had asked about the possibility of having warm sandwiches. Edwina decided that she would purchase two Panini makers. So at the beginning of the second trimester, she tapped into her parents’ line of credit for two Panini grills, which in total cost $150. To make sure that the sandwiches would be delivered warm, she and her roommates spent $100 on insulated wrappings. The $100 came from cash. The second trimester proved to be even more successful. The business sold 808 sandwiches, generating revenue of $4,040. During this second trimester, the business purchased $2,100 worth of food supplies, using $2,020 of that to actually create the 808 sandwich packages. They estimated that during the second trimester, they used $101 worth of supplies in creating the sandwich packages.

There was only a one-week break between the second and third trimesters, and the young women were quite busy in developing ideas on how to further expand the business. One of the first decisions was to raise the semester salary of each roommate to $300 apiece. More and more students had been asking for a greater selection of warm sandwiches. Edwina and her roommates decided to do some cooking in the dorms so as to be able to provide meatball and sausage sandwiches. Edwina once again tapped into her parents’ line of credit to purchase $275 worth of cooking supplies. One of the problems they noticed was that sometimes students would place calls to order a sandwich package, but the phones were busy. Edwina hired a fellow student to develop a website where students could place an order and select the time that they would like a sandwich package to be delivered. The cost of creating and operating this website for this third trimester was $300.

This last semester of Edwina’s freshman year proved to be the most successful in terms of sales. They were able to fulfill orders for 1,105 sandwich packages, generating revenue of $5,525. Edwina determined that the direct cost of food for these sandwich packages came out to be $2,928.25. The direct cost of paper supplies was $165.75. At the end of her freshman year, Edwina repaid her parents the $425 that came from her credit line that was used to purchase the Panini makers and the cooking utensils.

The Davidson Company uses a weighted average process costing system. The following information was reported for the Assembly Process for January. Materials are added at the beginning of the process and are 100%.

What is the cost assigned to the units completed and transferred to finishing?

a.$976,000

b.$843,750

c.$708,750

d.$777,500

e.None of these choices are correct.

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Losh Company has the following unadjusted account balances on December 31, 2019. The pre-adjustment balance of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts is $3,200 debit. This company uses the following aging of accounts receivable to estimate its bad debts.

The Net Realizable Value of Accounts Receivable reported on the year-end Balance Sheet will be:

Select one:

A. $351,412

B. $348,212

C. $391,925

D. $354,612

In year 0, Javens Inc. sold machinery with a fair market value of $610,000 to Chris. The machinery’s original basis was $477,020 and Javens’s accumulated depreciation on the machinery was $71,000, so its adjusted basis to Javens was $406,020. Chris paid Javens $61,000 immediately (in year 0) and provided a note to Javens indicating that Chris would pay Javens $91,500 a year for six years beginning in year 1. What is the amount and character of the gain that Javens will recognize in year 0? What amount and character of the gain will Javens recognize in years 1 through 6?

Bubba’s Western Wear is a western hat retailer in Lubbock, Texas. Although Bubba’s carries numerous styles of western hats, each hat has approximately the same price and invoice (purchase) cost, as shown in the following table. Sales personnel receive a commission to encourage them to be more aggressive in their sales efforts. Currently, the Lubbock economy is really humming, and sales growth at Bubba’s has been great. The business is very competitive, however, and Bubba, the owner, has relied on his knowledgeable and courteous staff to attract and retain customers who otherwise might go to other western wear stores. Because of the rapid growth in sales, Bubba is also finding the management of certain aspects of the business more difficult, such as restocking inventory and hiring and training new salespeople.

Required:

1. Calculate the annual breakeven point, both in terms of units and in terms of sales dollars.

2. If Bubba’s sells 22,000 hats, what is its before-tax income or loss? Support your answer by preparing a contribution income statement.

3. If Bubba’s sells 32,000 hats, what is its margin of safety (MOS) and MOS ratio?

4. Bubba is considering the elimination of sales commissions completely and increasing salaries by $157,000 annually. What would be the new breakeven point in units? What would be the before-tax income or loss if 22,000 hats are sold with the new salary plan?

onnelly Inc., a manufacturer of quality electric ice cream makers, has experienced a steady growth in sales over the past few years. Because her business has grown, Jan DeJaney, the president, believes she needs an aggressive advertising campaign next year to maintain the company’s growth. To prepare for the growth, the accountant prepared the following data for the current year:

Required:

1. If the costs and sales price remain the same, what is the projected operating profit for the coming year?

2. What is the breakeven point in units for the coming year?

3. Jan has set the sales target for 61,800 ice cream makers, which she thinks she can achieve by an additional fixed selling expense of $259,900 for advertising. All other costs remain as per the data in the above table. What will be the operating profit if the additional $259,900 is spent on advertising and sales rise to 61,800 units?

4-a. What will be the new breakeven point if the additional $259,900 is spent on advertising?

4-b. Prepare a contribution income statement at the new breakeven point.

4-c. What is the percentage change in both fixed costs and in the breakeven point?

5. If the additional $259,900 is spent for advertising in the next year, what is the sales level (in units) needed to equal the current year’s operating profit at 58,500 units?

Activity-Based Costing: Selling and Administrative Expenses

Jungle Junior Company manufactures and sells outdoor play equipment. Jungle Junior uses activity-based costing to determine the cost of the sales order processing and the customer return activity. The sales order processing activity has an activity rate of $75 per sales order, and the customer return activity has an activity rate of $15 per return. Jungle Junior sold 10,000 swing sets, which consisted of 2,800 orders and 300 returns.

a. Determine the total sales order processing and customer return activity cost for swing sets.
$

b. Determine the per-unit sales order processing and customer return activity cost for swing sets. If required, round your answer to the nearest cent.
$per unit

Multiple Production Department Factory Overhead Rates

The total factory overhead for Bardot Marine Company is budgeted for the year at $411,750, divided into two departments: Fabrication, $276,750, and Assembly, $135,000. Bardot Marine manufactures two types of boats: speedboats and bass boats. The speedboats require one direct labor hour in Fabrication and three direct labor hours in Assembly. The bass boats require two direct labor hours in Fabrication and one direct labor hour in Assembly. Each product is budgeted for 4,500 units of production for the year.

If required, round all per unit answers to the nearest cent.

a. Determine the total number of budgeted direct labor hours for the year in each department.

b. Determine the departmental factory overhead rates for both departments.

c. Determine the factory overhead allocated per unit for each product using the department factory overhead allocation rates.

TO Industries prepares monthly cash budgets. The following budget information is available for April and May 2019:

All sales are credit sales. The company expects to collect 60% from customers in the month of the sale and the remaining 40% in first month following the sale. The company purchases direct materials on account. The company pays for 75% of the purchases in the month of the purchases and the remaining 25% in the first month following the purchase. Direct labor, manufacturing overhead, and selling and administrative expenses are paid in cash in the month incurred.

Additional information:

• March 2019 credit sales were $600,000
• March 2019 purchases of direct materials were $200,000
• The company’s cash balance on April 1, 2019 is expected to be $90,000
• The company wants to maintain a minimum cash balance of $80,000 and has a line of credit in the amount of 1,000,000, with an annual interest rate of 6%, available to borrow if the budgeted cash balance falls below that level. Any amounts borrowed on the line of credit at the end of a month require a cash interest payment in the subsequent month. If the ending cash balance in a month exceeds the minimum balance, the excess amount is used to repay any amounts borrowed on the line of credit.

Required

1. Prepare a schedule of cash collections from credit sales for April and May 2019.
2. Prepare a schedule of cash disbursements for direct material purchases for April and May 2019.
3. Prepare a cash budget for April and May 2019 in columnar format.

How Managerial Accounting Practices support Strategy and Strategic Management ?

Troy Engines, Ltd., manufactures a variety of engines for use in heavy equipment. The company has always produced all of the necessary parts for its engines, including all of the carburetors. An outside supplier has offered to sell one type of carburetor to Troy Engines, Ltd., for a cost of $36 per unit. To evaluate this offer, Troy Engines, Ltd., has gathered the following information relating to its own cost of producing the carburetor internally:

*One-third supervisory salaries; two-thirds depreciation of special equipment (no resale value).

Required:

1. Assuming the company has no alternative use for the facilities that are now being used to produce the carburetors, what would be the financial advantage (disadvantage) of buying 15,000 carburetors from the outside supplier?

2. Should the outside supplier’s offer be accepted?

3. Suppose that if the carburetors were purchased, Troy Engines, Ltd., could use the freed capacity to launch a new product. The segment margin of the new product would be $150,000 per year. Given this new assumption, what would be the financial advantage (disadvantage) of buying 15,000 carburetors from the outside supplier?

4. Given the new assumption in requirement 3, should the outside supplier’s offer be accepted?

Assigning Traceable Fixed Expenses
Selected data for Miller Company, which operates three departments, follow:

During the year, the company's fixed expenses included the following:

Assume that the property tax rate is the same for both inventory and equipment. Using the most causally related bases, prepare a schedule assigning the fixed expenses to the three departments. Hint: Not all fixed expenses are traceable to the three departments. One of these fixed costs should be considered a common cost and not traceable to the departments.

Do not round until your final answer. Round final answer to the nearest whole number.

The modern Age Copier Company is considering purchasing a copier for use by customers. Data for the copier under consideration is reflected in the table below. The copier is expected to last 8 years. The tax rate is 30%. The Company will not accept a project with a return of less than 12% Copier Equipment Cost $64,000 Annual Revenues $80,000 Annual Paper Costs $33,100 Annual Maintenance Costs $20,000 Annual Depreciation $ 8,000 All of the items in the table above are taxable or tax deductible except for the initial cost of the copier Equipment. Although the initial cost is not tax deductible, the initial cost will be subject to depreciation. Assume straight line depreciation with no residual value. 1. Should Modern Age Copier undertake this project? Explain and support with analysis. 2. Compute the Payback period (Round to one decimal place) Show analysis.

Lubricants, Inc., produces a special kind of grease that is widely used by race car drivers. The grease is produced in two processing departments—Refining and Blending. Raw materials are introduced at various points in the Refining Department.

The following incomplete Work in Process account is available for the Refining Department for March:

The March 1 work in process inventory in the Refining Department consists of the following elements: materials, $7,200; direct labor, $4,800; and overhead, $21,200.

Costs incurred during March in the Blending Department were: materials used, $46,000; direct labor, $17,100; and overhead cost applied to production, $103,000.

Required:

1. Prepare journal entries to record the costs incurred in both the Refining Department and Blending Department during March. Key your entries to the items (a) through (g) below.

1. Raw materials used in production.
2. Direct labor costs incurred.
3. Manufacturing overhead costs incurred for the entire factory, $676,000. (Credit Accounts Payable.)
4. Manufacturing overhead was applied to production using a predetermined overhead rate.
5. Units that were complete with respect to processing in the Refining Department were transferred to the Blending Department, $642,000.
6. Units that were complete with respect to processing in the Blending Department were transferred to Finished Goods, $800,000.
7. Completed units were sold on account, $1,360,000. The Cost of Goods Sold was $620,000.

2. Post the journal entries from (1) above to T-accounts. The following account balances existed at the beginning of March. (The beginning balance in the Refining Department’s Work in Process is given in the T-account shown above.)