Question 2 - 1,500 words

The Senior Partner of the firm you work for has appointed you to a new role. It is now your responsibility to review upcoming accounting standards and provide a report to the partners on the proposed standard and the opinions of other industry players on the changes.

Firstly, you are required to find a current exposure draft or proposal for a new accounting standard which has been opened for public comments. (These can be found on the websites of most standard-setting organisations, such as the IASB, AASB and FASB. Hint: These websites can be quite difficult to navigate, so as a first step try typing “IASB exposure draft and comment letters”/”FASB exposure draft and comment letters” into Google or other search engine of your choice). Read a sample of the comments from a range of respondents. Select four respondents, ideally from different types of organisations for example, from accounting bodies, industry, companies or corporate bodies. If you are having a problem finding suitable comments letters then contact your subject coordinator.

In your own words, supporting your evaluation with appropriate citations, appropriately referenced in APA 6 style, you are required to include the following information in the report.

• An outline of the major issues covered in the exposure draft (what is the exposure draft introducing or changing?).
• An assessment as to whether (or not) the behaviour of the regulator in introducing the exposure draft can be explained by public interest theory.
• An outline of the views presented in the comments letters which highlights the areas of agreement and disagreement with the exposure draft.
• An application of each of the theories of regulation (public interest, private interest and capture) to the comments letters and a justification as to which theory(ies) best explains the comments.

Please note: you need to attach the comment letters you selected for your report (there is no need to attach the exposure draft

Part 1:

1. Prepare the journal entries for each set of transaction data below.
2. Post the transactions in the ledger.
3. Extract the unadjusted trial balance as of January 31 of this current year.

Part 2:

For this section, prepare the following adjusted journal entries.

1. Record depreciation of $1,000 for equipment.
2. Accrue unpaid wages of $715.
3. Accrue unpaid utilities of $420.

Part 3:

1. Prepare an Adjusted Trial Balance as of January 31 of this year.

Transaction data

Jonathan Swiss owns the Sports Watch Repairs Store. He provides the transactions relating to the month of January this year.

January 2          Invested $10,000 cash as well as providing watch repair equipment with a valuation of $4,800 (Hint: Treat watch repair equipment as part of capital.)

January 4             Paid first month's rent of $900 cash

January 6             Received $2,500 cash for watch repairs

January 8             Purchased supplies on account from Sears for $500

January 9             Repaired a vintage watch on account for $1,500

January 9             Paid $575 cash for wages

January 12           Purchased watch repair equipment for $1,200 cash

January 13           Received $5,500 cash from watch repairs

January 16           Purchased equipment on account from Sears for $1,000

January 18           Paid $520 cash for advertising expense

January 20           Withdrew $750 cash for personal expenses

January 22           Received $950 cash on account for work done on January 9

January 23           Paid $475 cash for wages

January 26           Received $7,000 cash from watch repairs

January 27           Paid $850 cash on account for the January 16 transactions

January 30           Received $480 cash from repairs previously done on an antique watch

Thank you.

Dublin Chips is a manufacturer of prototype chips based in​ Buffalo, New York.

Next​ year, in 2018​, Dublin Chips expects to deliver 615 prototype chips at an average price of $95,000. Dublin ​Chips' marketing vice president forecasts growth of 65 prototype chips per year through 2024.

That​ is, demand will be 615 in 2018​, 680 in 2019​, 745 in 2020​, and so on. The plant cannot produce more than 585 prototype chips annually. To meet future​ demand, Dublin Chips must either modernize the plant or replace it. The old equipment is fully depreciated and can be sold for $4,200,000 if the plant is replaced. If the plant is​ modernized, the costs to modernize it are to be capitalized and depreciated over the useful life of the updated plant. The old equipment is retained as part of the modernize alternative.

The following data on the two options are​ available:

	Modernize		Replace
Initial investment in 2018	$35,300,000		$66,300,000
Terminal disposal value in 2024	$7,500,000		$16,000,000
Useful life	7 years		7 years
Total annual cash operating cost per prototype chip	$78,500		$66,000

Dublin Chips uses​ straight-line depreciation, assuming zero terminal disposal value. For​ simplicity, we assume no change in prices or costs in future years. The investment will be made at the beginning of 2018​, and all transactions thereafter occur on the last day of the year. Dublin ​Chips' required rate of return is 14​%. There is no difference between the modernize and replace alternatives in terms of required working capital. Dublin Chips pays a 35​% tax rate on all income. Proceeds from sales of equipment above book value are taxed at the same 35​% rate.

1.	Calculate the​ after-tax cash inflows and outflows of the modernize and replace alternatives over the 2018 -2024 period.
2.	Calculate the net present value of the modernize and replace alternatives.
3.	Suppose Dublin Chips is planning to build several more plants. It wants to have the most advantageous tax position possible.Dublin Chips has been approached by​ Spain, Malaysia, and Australia to construct plants in their countries. Briefly describe in qualitative terms the income tax features that would be advantageous to Dublin Chips.

​Let's begin with the modernize alternative. Start by computing the present value of the​after-tax cash flows from​ operations, then calculate the present value of the​ after-tax cash savings from depreciation and the terminal disposal​ value, and​ finally, determine the total net present value​ (NPV) of the investment for the modernize alternative.

			Net Cash		Present Value
	PV factor		Inflow		of Cash Flows
Net initial investment
After-tax cash flows from operations:
Dec 31, 2018		x		=
Dec 31, 2019		x		=
Dec 31, 2020		x		=
Dec 31, 2021		x		=
Dec 31, 2022		x		=
Dec 31, 2023		x		=
Dec 31, 2024		x		=

What is the difference between grease payment and bribery? Is grease payment legal per FCPA and per the law of all other countries?

Maher Corporation, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations: Selling price $ 157 Units in beginning inventory 0 Units produced 3,710 Units sold 3,490 Units in ending inventory 220 Variable costs per unit: Direct materials $ 47 Direct labor $ 50 Variable manufacturing overhead $ 9 Variable selling and administrative expense $ 11 Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead $ 118,720 Fixed selling and administrative $ 10,470 Required: a. What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing? b. What is the unit product cost for the month under absorption costing? c. Prepare a contribution format income statement for the month using variable costing. d. Prepare an income statement for the month using absorption costing. e. Reconcile the variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes for the month.

Please read through this unit's list of terms and concepts provided in the Key Terms module of this unit. You should look for these terms as you read the assigned textbook chapters. The terms and concepts are important for understanding the material. Do not look at each word as a separate entity that stands alone. Try to understand it in the context of the chapters' content. You should write out your own definitions for each term.

For this unit, please submit five of these term definitions for grading. A few words of caution: writing out the definitions is an important exercise, even the ones you don't have to submit. For this assignment do not simply copy a one-sentence definition of the term. Instead, provide a definition which relates to context and/or examples to best demonstrate your understanding.

Money markets Negotiable CD
Bond equivalent yield
Discount yield
Opportunity cost
Liquidity
Treasury Bills
LIBOR
Default risk free
Banker's acceptance
Repo and reverse repurchase agreement
Eurodollar deposits
Term vs serial bonds
Mortgage bonds
Convertible and callable bonds
Call premium
Second mortgages
Lien
Syndicate
Originating house
Preemptive rights
Red herring proxy
Secondary stock markets
Net long (short) in a currency
Open position
Safe haven
Purchasing power parity
Interest rate parity theorem (IRPT)
Open interest
Option
American option
European option
Call option
Put option
Intrinsic value of an option
Time value of an option
Foreign exchange rates
Dollarization
Foreign exchange risk
Currency appreciation
Derivative security
Derivative security markets
Spot contract
Forward contract
Futures contract
Marked to market
Initial margin
Maintenance margin
Floor broker

Chief executive officer compensation can be a material amount and is often scrutinized by regulators, analysts, competitors, and investors. For CEOs of publicly traded companies, compensation can consist of salary, bonus, stock option grants, or other stock awards that can be restricted in terms of how long the officers and directors are required to hold the stock. Publicly traded companies are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide disclosures about the components of executive compensation in the company’s annual proxy statement.

How would the auditor test the fair value of the stock option/stock appreciation rights (SAR)?

Why are the presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives so important for stock-based compensation?

The Watts Company is a publicly traded corporation that produces different types of commercial food processors. My name is Alan Smith and I have worked for this company for the last ten years in the controller’s office. I was both an accounting and finance major in university. The company currently produces 300 products and does not anticipate any new products coming out over the next three years. I have previously mentioned to my superiors that it is not appropriate for our firm to use a traditional accounting system (where overhead costs are allocated across products at a rate of $100 per direct labor hour) when different products require different amounts of indirect overhead resources. For example, under the traditional system all costs associated with testing of products for quality assurance purposes are part of overhead costs and therefore allocated across products based on direct labor hours. Yet, some of our products require as much as 5 hours of testing whereas some products require less than 1 minute of testing with no connection to direct labor hours. Given that traditional costing systems result in significant cost distortions when determining products costs and given that the firm now has revenues of over $100 million a year, Watts has decided to adopt activity based costing over the next year or two.

Watts’s management has hired Deloitte Consulting to help us implement activity based costing. I will be acting as the liaison between our firm and Deloitte. As part of the initial implementation phase, I have asked Deloitte to derive the costs and product margins associated with two of our products, Classic and Artisan, so that these costs and product margins could be compared with the costs and product margins under our current traditional accounting system. I picked these products since Watts management believe they have very different demands on indirect overhead resources. Further, Classic is sold in large quantities whereas Artisan is sold in small quantities and traditional accounting systems can cause large cost distortions in different directions for products sold in large and small quantities.

Current information from our existing system on a per unit basis is shown in Exhibit 1.

Exhibit 1

	Classic	Artisan
Direct material	$120	$200
Direct labor hours	1.2	1.5
Direct labor wage rate per hour	$20	$20
Sales price per unit	$300	$450

My staff has identified for Deloitte five activity cost pools. Information on those cost pools and the related activity measures are provided in Exhibit 2.

Exhibit 2

	Total Costs	Allocation Base	Level of Allocation Base
Equipment setups	$24,000,000	number of setups	60,000
Purchase orders	$72,000,000	number of purchase orders	300,000
Machining	$25,000,000	number of machine hours	1,250,000
Testing	$42,000,000	number of testing hours	600,000
Packaging and shipping	$50,000,000	number of containers	1,000,000

Although fixed costs are lumped in with variable costs across the five different cost pools, I am aware that machining related costs consists almost exclusively of depreciation costs. Hence, with respect to all questions asked in this case, machining costs will be treated as entirely fixed with respect to machine hours. Each machine is used in the production of multiple product lines. The resale value of machines is only affected by the passage of time and not by how much they are used in a given year.

In all questions asked in this case, the firm will assume that costs associated with equipment setups, purchase orders, testing, and packaging & shipping are variable with respect to their respective activity measures. Currently, we believe our assumptions on cost behavior patterns are quite reasonable.

All products are produced in batches, where the size of a batch differs across products. For example, if we produce 80 units of a product in batch sizes of 40, then the product will be produced in two batches. An equipment setup must be performed before producing each batch of a product. Hence, in the example above, two equipment setups would be performed. Units of product are packaged in containers and sent to distributors.

Production volumes are set equal to sales volumes since the company only produces products that they have orders for. Consequently, the firm never has a beginning or ending work in process inventory, and it does not have a beginning or ending finished goods inventory.

Further information on our two products is provided in Exhibit 3

Exhibit 3

	Classic	Artisan
annual sales and production in units	400,000	50,000
number of units per batch	400	80
number of purchase orders	600	300
number of machine hours per unit	0.4	2
total number of testing hours	8,000	100,000
total number of containers	5,000	20,000

REQUIRED:

1. (20 Points) Prepare an income statement for Classic and an income statement for Artisan using the traditional accounting system where overhead is applied at a rate of $100 per direct labor hour. (For simplicity, SG&A expenses for the firm are not included in the income statement for the two products.) The income statements should be prepared on a total basis and then show the average net operating income per unit using the following template for guidance:

     Classic   Artisan

Sales $$$ $$$

Direct materials    $$$     $$$

Direct labor    $$$     $$$

Manufacturing overhead    $$$     $$$

Total Costs     $$$ $$$

Net operating income $$$ $$$

Average net operating income

   per unit $$$ $$$

2. (20 Points) Calculate the five activity rates under activity based costing.

Problem 11-14 Measures of Internal Business Process Performance [LO11-3]

DataSpan, Inc., automated its plant at the start of the current year and installed a flexible manufacturing system. The company is also evaluating its suppliers and moving toward Lean Production. Many adjustment problems have been encountered, including problems relating to performance measurement. After much study, the company has decided to use the performance measures below, and it has gathered data relating to these measures for the first four months of operations.

	Month
	1		2		3		4
Throughput time (days)	?		?		?		?
Delivery cycle time (days)	?		?		?		?
Manufacturing cycle efficiency (MCE)	?		?		?		?
Percentage of on-time deliveries	75	%	70	%	67	%	64	%
Total sales (units)	2770		2651		2515		2420

Management has asked for your help in computing throughput time, delivery cycle time, and MCE. The following average times have been logged over the last four months:

	Average per Month (in days)
	1		2		3		4
Move time per unit	0.8		0.4		0.5		0.5
Process time per unit	3.9		3.7		3.5		3.3
Wait time per order before start of production	16.0		17.5		21.0		22.6
Queue time per unit	5.0		5.9		6.9		8.0
Inspection time per unit	0.4		0.6		0.6		0.4

Required:

1-a. Compute the throughput time for each month.

1-b. Compute the delivery cycle time for each month.

1-c. Compute the manufacturing cycle efficiency (MCE) for each month.

2. Evaluate the company’s performance over the last four months.

3-a. Refer to the move time, process time, and so forth, given for month 4. Assume that in month 5 the move time, process time, and so forth, are the same as in month 4, except that through the use of Lean Production the company is able to completely eliminate the queue time during production. Compute the new throughput time and MCE.

3-b. Refer to the move time, process time, and so forth, given for month 4. Assume in month 6 that the move time, process time, and so forth, are again the same as in month 4, except that the company is able to completely eliminate both the queue time during production and the inspection time. Compute the new throughput time and MCE.

In Lehman Brothers' case, why should E&Y have considered the Repo 105 transactions to be material and required these to be disclosed before signing off on the audit? What E&Y should have done regarding the accounting of Repo 105 transactions?

Raleigh Department Store uses the conventional retail method for the year ended December 31, 2016. Available information follows:

1. The inventory at January 1, 2016, had a retail value of $37,000 and a cost of $30,090 based on the conventional retail method.
2. Transactions during 2016 were as follows:

	Cost			Retail
Gross purchases	$	177,030		$	410,000
Purchase returns		5,700			28,000
Purchase discounts		4,200
Gross sales					345,000
Sales returns					5,500
Employee discounts					3,000
Freight-in		29,500
Net markups					17,000
Net markdowns					28,000

Sales to employees are recorded net of discounts.

3. The retail value of the December 31, 2017, inventory was $68,850, the cost-to-retail percentage for 2017 under the LIFO retail method was 70%, and the appropriate price index was 102% of the January 1, 2017, price level.
4. The retail value of the December 31, 2018, inventory was $40,950, the cost-to-retail percentage for 2018 under the LIFO retail method was 69%, and the appropriate price index was 105% of the January 1, 2017, price level.

Required:
1. Estimate ending inventory for 2016 using the conventional retail method.
2. Estimate ending inventory for 2016 assuming Raleigh Department Store used the LIFO retail method.
3. Assume Raleigh Department Store adopts the dollar-value LIFO retail method on January 1, 2017. Estimating ending inventory for 2017 and 2018.

Below is an alphabetical listing of all the accounts for T.O.'s Dance studio on 12/31/11. Assume all adjustments have been made and all balances are "normal." Accounts payable 3,000 Accounts receivable 8,000 accumulated depreciation-Equip. 3,000 Contributed capital 2,000 Cash 5,000 Depreciation expense 1,000 Dividends declared 1,000 Equipment 9,000 Income Tax expense 1,000 Income Taxes Payable 1,000 Service Revenue 18,000 Rent Expense 2,000 Retained Earnings(as of 1/1/11) 3,000 Unearned Revenue 1,000 wage expenses 4,000. Now prepare an Income Statement in good form for T.O.'s Dance Studio. Also prepare closing entries for T.O.'s Dance studio, Prepare The Statement of Retained Earnings for T.O.'s Dance Studio , & lastly Prepare the Classified Balance Sheet for T.O.'s Dance Studio.

Forester Company has five products in its inventory. Information about the December 31, 2018, inventory follows.

Product		Quantity		Unit Cost				Unit Replacement Cost				Unit Selling Price
A		1,000		$	26			$	28			$	32
B		500			31				27				34
C		900			19				18				24
D		900			23				20				22
E		800			30				28				29

The cost to sell for each product consists of a 10 percent sales commission. The normal profit percentage for each product is 35 percent of the selling price.

Required:
1. Determine the carrying value of inventory at December 31, 2018, assuming the lower of cost or market (LCM) rule is applied to individual products.
2a. Determine the carrying value of inventory at December 31, 2018, assuming the LCM rule is applied to the entire inventory.
2b. Assuming inventory write-downs are usual business practice for Forester, record any necessary year-end adjusting entry.

1. Which of the following statement is FALSE?

a. The difference between the static budget and the flexible budget is the sale-volume variance.

b. The difference between allocated and budgeted overhead is the production volume variance

c. The amount of variable overhead allocated equals toe flexible budget amount

d. The production volume variance arises for both fixed and variable overhead cost

2.Flexible-budget variance measure:

a. What the costs and revenues should have been for the budgeted number of the outputs.

b. the differences between budgeted expenditures and actual expenditure for the budgeted number of outputs

c.the difference between budgeted and actual variable costs.

d. the difference between expected expenditures for the actual number of outputs and the actual expenditures for the actual number of outputs

e. what the costs and revenues should have been for the static budgeted number of outputs

Almaden Hardware Store sells two product categories, tools and paint products. Information pertaining to its 2018 year-end inventory is as follows:

Inventory, by Product Category	Quantity			Per Unit Cost				Net Realizable Value
Tools:
Hammers	100			$	5.90			$	6.40
Saws	290				10.90				9.90
Screwdrivers	390				2.90				3.50
Paint products:
1-gallon cans	590				6.90				5.90
Paint brushes	100				4.90				5.40

Required:
1. Determine the carrying value of inventory at year-end, assuming the lower of cost or net realizable value (LCNRV) rule is applied to (a) individual products, (b) product categories, and (c) total inventory.
2. Assuming that the company reports an inventory write-down as a line item in the income statement, for each of the LCNRV applications determine the amount of the loss.