Question

You cringe, want to pull your hair out and strongly desire to open handedly slap your good friend Ima Nodall when you hear her explaining to her sister that; "spermatogenesis and oogenesis are exactly the same process - one just has a tail, the other doesn't.'' While you secretly bristle at the thought of this misinformation, you decide that you will lay out a point by point essay comparing the two processes. In this essay, you should really let Ima know that she does have a point, there are some similarities in the processes (1 pt per similarity, mention at least two (2 pts total)) but largely the processes are different. These differences should include differences in timing including when in a person’s lifetime the processes are active (2 pts), how many gametes are produced with each process (include viability of cells) (4 pts) and the actions of FSH and LH (include 1 function per hormone for each process) (8 points). After gametes are produced where do they mature(2pts) 2 pts for essay formatting, grammar, spelling.

Answer 1

The production of sperm is called spermatogenesis and the production of eggs is called oogenesis.

Oogenesisis the process through which (ova) female gametes are formed and this female gamete is known as an ovum.Spermatogenesis and oogenesis have following similarities 1)Both process occurs inside the gonads (testes and ovaries). 2)Both are completed in three phase ; multiplicative, growth and maturation phase.

Eventhough they are similarities the two processes are entirely different

The difference include

Spermatogenesis:

1. It occurs in the testes.

2. Spermatogonia change to primary spermato­cytes.

3. A primary spermatocyte divides to form two secondary spermatocytes.

4. A secondary spermatocyte divides to form two spermatids.

5. No polar body is formed.

6. A spermatogonium forms four spermatozoa.

7. Sperms are minute yolkless and motile.

8. It is generally completed in the testes and thus mature sperms are released from the testes.

Oogenesis:

1. It occurs in the ovaries.

2. Oogonia change to primary oocytes.

3. A primary oocyte divides to form one secondary oocyte and one polar body.

4. A secondary oocyte divides to form one ootid and one polar body.

5. Polar bodies are formed.

6. An oogonium forms one ovum.

7. Ova are much larger often with yolk and nonmotile.

8. It is often completed in the female repro­ductive tract or in many animals in water because oocytes are released from the ovaries.

Males start producing sperm when they reach puberty, which is usually from 10-16 years old. Sperm are produced in large quantities (~200 million a day) to maximise the likelihood of sperm reaching the egg. Sperm are continually produced as males need to be ready to utilise the small window of fertility of the female.

Sperm production occurs in the testes of the male, specifically in the seminiferous tubules. The tubules are kept separate from the systemic circulation by the blood-testis barrier.

The blood-testis barrier is formed by Sertoli cells and is important in preventing hormones and constituents of the systemic circulation from affecting the developing sperm, and also in preventing the immune system of the male from recognising the sperm as foreign – as the sperm are genetically different from the male and will express different surface antigens. Sertoli cells also have a role in supporting the developing spermatozoa.

Spermatogonia are the initial pool of diploid cell that divide by mitosis to give two identical cells. One of these cells will be used to replenish the pool of spermatogonia – these cells are A1 spermatogonia. This replenishment of spermatogonia means that males are fertile throughout their adult life. The other cell – type B spermatogonium – will eventually form mature sperm.

Type B spermatogonia replicate by mitosis several times to form identical diploid cells linked by cytoplasm bridges, these cells are now known as primary spermatocytes. Primary spermatocytes then undergo meiosis.

• Meiosis I produces two haploid cells known as secondary spermatocytes
• Meiosis II produces four haploid cells known as Spermatids

The cytoplasmic bridges break down and the spermatids are released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule – a process called spermiation. The spermatids undergo spermiogenesis (remodelling and differentiation into mature spermatozoa) as they travel along the seminiferous tubules until they reach the epididymis.

From the seminiferous tubule they travel to the rete testis, which acts to “concentrate” the sperm by removing excess fluid, before moving to the epididymis where the sperm is stored and undergoes the final stages of maturation.

Spermatogenesis takes approximately 70 days, therefore in order for sperm production to be continuous and not intermittent, multiple spermatogenic processes are occurring simultaneously within the same seminiferous tubule, with new groups of spermatogonia arising every 16 days (spermatogenic cycle). Each of these populations of spermatogenic cells will be at different stages of spermatogenesis.

Note that once sperm leave the male body and enter the female reproductive tract, the conditions there cause the sperm to undergo capacitation, which is the removal of cholesterol and glycoproteins from the head of the sperm cell to allow it to bind to the zona pellucida of the egg cell.

Oogenesis differs from spermatogenesis in that it begins in the foetus prior to birth. Primordial germ cells (which originate in the yolk sac of the embryo) move to colonise the cortex of the primordial gonad and replicate by mitosis to peak at approximately 7 million by mid-gestation (~20 weeks). Cell death occurs after this peak to leave 2 million cells which begin meiosis I before birth and are known as primary oocytes. Therefore, a human female is born with approximately 2 million primary oocytes arrested in meiosis and these make up a finite supply of potential ova.

The primary oocytes are arranged in the gonads in clusters surrounded by flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells and these form primordial follicles. The primary oocytes are arrested in prophase stage of meiosis I.

During childhood, further atresia (cell death) occurs, leaving ~40,000 eggs at puberty.

Once puberty begins, a number of primary oocytes (15-20) begin to mature each month, although only one of these reaches full maturation to become an oocyte.

The primary oocytes undergo 3 stages:

• Pre-antral
• Antral
• Preovulatory

Pre-antral Stage

The primary oocyte grows dramatically whilst still being arrested in meiosis I. The follicular cells grow and proliferate to form a stratified cuboidal epithelium. These cells are now known as granulosa cells and secrete glycoproteins to form the zona pellucida around the primary oocyte. Surrounding connective tissue cells also differentiates to become the theca folliculi, a specialised layer of surrounding cells that is responsive to LH and can secrete androgens under its influence.

Antral Stage

Fluid filled spaces form between granulosa cells, these eventually combine together to form a central fluid filled space called the antrum. The follicles are now called secondary follicles. In each monthly cycle one of these secondary follicles becomes dominant and develops further under the influence of FSH, LH and oestrogen. (See article on the menstrual cycle).

Pre-Ovulatory Stage

The LH surge induces this stage and meiosis I is now complete. Two haploid cells are formed within the follicle, but they are of unequal size. One of the daughter cells receives far less cytoplasm than the other and forms the first polar body, which will not go on to form an ovum. The other haploid cell is known as the secondary oocyte. Both daughter cells then undergo meiosis II, the first polar body will replicated to give two polar bodies but the secondary oocyte arrests in metaphase of meiosis II, 3 hours prior to ovulation.

Ovulation

The follicle has grown in size and is now mature – it is called a Graafian follicle. The LH surge increases collagenase activity so that the follicular wall is weakened, this combined with muscular contractions of the ovarian wall result in the ovum being released from the ovary and being taken up into the fallopian tube via the fimbriae (finger-like projections of the fallopian tube).

Fertilisation

The secondary oocyte will only complete meiosis II on fertilisation, giving off a third polar body once meiosis II is completed and a fertilised egg. If fertilisation never occurs, the oocyte degenerates 24 hours after ovulation, remaining arrested in meiosis II.

If the egg is fertilised however, the peristaltic movements of the fallopian tube move the egg to the uterus where it can implant into the posterior uterine wall.

Role of FSH and LH

FSH and LHbind to receptors in the testis and ovary and regulate gonadal function by promoting sex steroid production and gametogenesis. In men LH stimulates testosterone production from the interstitial cells of the testes (Leydig cells). ... In women,LH stimulates estrogen and progesterone production from the ovary.

After gametes are produced where do they mature

Gametes are haploid cells and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome. These reproductive cells are produced through a type of cell division called meiosis. ... These cells develop into sperm or ova. The ova mature in the ovaries of females, and the sperm develop in the testes of males.